Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

The International Day of the Girl Child was observed on 11 October 2026.

The United Nations selected "End child marriage and invest in girls' rights" as the 2026 theme.

The UN Secretary-General called for stronger investment in education, legal protection and economic opportunities to prevent child marriage.

Background

The United Nations General Assembly declared 11 October as the International Day of the Girl Child through Resolution 66/170, adopted on 19 December 2011.

The day highlights girls' rights and the challenges they face in education, health, safety and participation.

According to the UN's 2026 campaign information:

• More than 12 million girls are married before adulthood every year.
• Approximately one in five girls worldwide is married before the age of 18.
• An estimated 68 million child marriages have been prevented over the past 25 years.

Child marriage can interrupt education, increase health risks and limit economic opportunities.

Poverty, harmful social norms, conflict, displacement and climate-related crises can increase vulnerability.

SDG Target 5.3 calls for eliminating harmful practices, including child, early and forced marriage.

In India, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 is the principal legislation addressing child marriage.

Under the Act, the prescribed minimum marriage ages are 18 years for females and 21 years for males.

The 2026 UN campaign emphasises girls' education, legal protection, social support and participation in decisions affecting their lives.

Prelims Facts

• International Day of the Girl Child is observed on 11 October.
• UN General Assembly Resolution is 66/170.
• Resolution was adopted on 19 December 2011.
• Theme for 2026 is End child marriage and invest in girls' rights.
• SDG 5 concerns gender equality.
• SDG Target 5.3 concerns elimination of harmful practices.
• India's principal law is the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.
• Minimum marriage ages under the Act are 18 years for females and 21 years for males.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Ending child marriage requires more than legal prohibition.
• Effective measures include keeping girls in school, improving household economic security, strengthening child protection systems and challenging discriminatory social norms.
• Girls should also participate meaningfully in policies and programmes affecting their lives.

GS Mapping

GS2: Women and Child Rights; GS1: Social Issues

News Item

On 10 October 2026, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) highlighted India's rural development achievements during the visit of its President, Alvaro Lario. The visit followed the launch of an eight-year India-IFAD country strategy in May 2026. In Meghalaya, the IFAD President launched a shipment of organic spices to Singapore from an IFAD-supported project.

Background

The International Fund for Agricultural Development is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations focused on rural development and poverty reduction.

IFAD supports smallholder farmers, rural enterprises, agricultural value chains, market access and climate resilience.

India is a founding member of IFAD. According to the organisation, it has co-financed 37 programmes and projects in India since 1979, investing approximately US$1.5 billion.

The India-IFAD country strategy launched in May 2026 has two major objectives. It seeks to accelerate rural prosperity in India and share India's rural development experience with other developing countries through South-South and Triangular Cooperation.

During the October visit, IFAD President Alvaro Lario met Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. Discussions included IFAD's Fourteenth Replenishment and opportunities to improve rural investment.

In Meghalaya, the IFAD-supported Livelihoods and Access to Markets Project (LAMP) has helped strengthen agricultural value chains and market connections.

The organic spice shipment was associated with the Bhoirymbong processing facility operated by the Eastern Ri-Bhoi Organic Farmer Producer Company. The facility has an annual processing capacity of 10,000 metric tonnes and works with approximately 5,500 farmers.

IFAD also reported that its investment of approximately ₹2 crore in the facility helped mobilise a further ₹30 crore through a community-private partnership arrangement.

Prelims Facts

• Organisation is the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
• IFAD is a UN specialised agency.
• India is a founding member.
• Eight-year India-IFAD country strategy launched in May 2026.
• IFAD President is Alvaro Lario.
• Meghalaya project is Livelihoods and Access to Markets Project.
• Organic spice shipment sent from Meghalaya to Singapore.
• Bhoirymbong processing facility is located in Meghalaya.
• India-IFAD cooperation includes South-South and Triangular Cooperation.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The India-IFAD partnership demonstrates how farmer producer organisations, processing infrastructure and market access can improve rural incomes. Its wider significance lies in connecting small farmers to value chains, mobilising private investment and sharing successful development practices with other countries.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations; GS3: Agriculture and Rural Development

News Item

World Mental Health Day was observed on 10 October 2026. The World Health Organization's 2026 campaign theme was "Lived experiences heard: real voices, real change". The campaign emphasised involving people with personal experience of mental health conditions in designing policies and services.

Background

World Mental Health Day is observed annually on 10 October to promote awareness and action on mental health.

The WHO campaign highlighted the importance of meaningful participation by people with lived experience of mental health conditions.

Such participation can help make services more accessible, respectful and responsive to actual needs.

WHO also emphasised the transition from long-stay psychiatric institutions towards community-based, person-centred mental healthcare.

According to WHO's Mental Health Atlas findings cited in the campaign, only 9% of reporting countries had fully transitioned to community-based mental healthcare.

Prelims Facts

• World Mental Health Day is observed on 10 October.
• WHO campaign theme for 2026 is Lived experiences heard, real voices, real change.
• WHO stands for World Health Organization.
• WHO is a UN specialised agency.
• Community-based mental healthcare is a major focus of the 2026 campaign.

GS Mapping

GS2: Public Health and Social Justice

News Item

On 10 October 2026, the Department of Telecommunications and the International Telecommunication Union organised the Robotics for Good Youth Challenge India 2026-27 at India Mobile Congress in New Delhi. Team Singularity won the Junior Category, while Team Ferrum Incubators won the Senior Category. Both teams are scheduled to represent India at the global finale in Geneva in 2027.

Background

The competition is associated with the ITU's AI for Good programme.

It was supported by the I-Hub Foundation for Cobotics, a Technology Innovation Hub of IIT Delhi.

The competition brought together 57 teams and approximately 300 students and mentors from 14 Indian States.

The 2026 challenge focused on autonomous robots for public health emergency response, linking the tasks to Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Team Singularity represented Gopalan International School, Karnataka. Team Ferrum Incubators represented Cambridge School, Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

The International Telecommunication Union is a specialised agency of the United Nations dealing with telecommunications and information and communication technologies.

Prelims Facts

• Competition is Robotics for Good Youth Challenge India 2026-27.
• Organisers include DoT and ITU.
• Venue was Yashobhoomi, New Delhi.
• Fifty-seven teams participated.
• Junior winner was Team Singularity from Karnataka.
• Senior winner was Team Ferrum Incubators from Noida.
• Global finale is scheduled in Geneva in 2027.
• SDG 3 concerns Good Health and Well-being.

GS Mapping

GS3: Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Innovation

News Item

The 15th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee meeting was held from 6 to 9 October 2026 at the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Both sides agreed to accelerate pending negotiations and work towards a more balanced and modern trade agreement.

Background

AITIGA provides the framework for preferential trade in goods between India and ASEAN.

The review aims to improve the agreement's operation and address outstanding trade-related issues.

At the 15th meeting, three subcommittees held discussions on:

• Legal and institutional issues.
• National treatment and market access.
• Rules of origin.

Rules of origin determine the economic origin of goods and help decide whether products qualify for preferential tariff treatment.

The next Joint Committee meeting is scheduled for January 2027 in India.

ASEAN is a regional organisation headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Prelims Facts

• Agreement: ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement.
• Meeting: 15th AITIGA Joint Committee.
• Dates: 6-9 October 2026.
• Venue: ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta.
• Next meeting: January 2027, India.
• Important concept: Rules of origin.
• ASEAN headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Modernising AITIGA can strengthen India's economic engagement with Southeast Asia and improve market access. A successful review must address trade imbalances, rules of origin and practical barriers while protecting legitimate domestic economic interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-ASEAN Relations; GS3: International Trade

News Item

On 9 October 2026, India welcomed an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) proposal for joint international trials to combat fraudulent communications.

The proposal focuses on cooperation between countries, regulators and telecom operators to improve caller identification and prevent cross-border scams.

Background

At an ITU roundtable during India Mobile Congress 2026, the Government highlighted measures against fraudulent mobile connections and spoofed calls.

According to the Ministry of Communications:

• The AI-based ASTR tool had helped disconnect over 82 lakh fraudulent mobile connections.
• The Digital Intelligence Platform connected more than 1,600 organisations.
• The Financial Fraud Risk Indicator had helped prevent suspected losses exceeding ₹5,000 crore over 15 months.

The proposed international trials had not yet been presented as completed or operational.

Prelims Facts

• Organisation: International Telecommunication Union.
• ITU is a UN specialised agency.
• Event: ITU Roundtable at India Mobile Congress 2026.
• ASTR: AI-based tool for identifying fraudulent mobile connections.
• Fraudulent connections disconnected through ASTR: Over 82 lakh.
• Joint cross-border trials: Proposed, not completed.

GS Mapping

GS3: Cybersecurity and Communication Technology

News Item

World Post Day was observed on 9 October 2026, marking the anniversary of the establishment of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 1874.

India also began National Postal Week 2026, scheduled from 9 to 15 October.

Background

The Universal Postal Union was established in 1874 to support international postal cooperation.

It is a specialised agency of the United Nations.

The UPU helps coordinate international mail services and promotes cooperation between postal administrations.

World Post Day highlights the contribution of postal networks to communication, trade, financial inclusion and public services.

Prelims Facts

• World Post Day: 9 October.
• UPU established: 1874.
• UPU headquarters: Bern, Switzerland.
• UPU: UN specialised agency.
• National Postal Week 2026: 9-15 October.

GS Mapping

Prelims: Important Days and International Organisations

News Item

Minister of State for Power and New and Renewable Energy Shripad Yesso Naik represented India at the 20th East Asia Summit Energy Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines, on 8 October 2026.

India emphasised regional energy security, clean-energy cooperation and the ASEAN Power Grid.

An important proposal under exploration is a 2,000 MW India–Singapore electricity interconnection.

One possible route is an approximately 3,000-km land-based transmission corridor connecting Imphal to Singapore through Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia.

This is a proposal under consideration, not a completed transmission project.

Background

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is an ASEAN-led forum for strategic dialogue and cooperation.

Its first summit was held in 2005.

The ASEAN Power Grid seeks to improve electricity interconnections and cross-border power trade among ASEAN countries.

Cross-border electricity trade can support renewable-energy integration and regional energy security.

Prelims Facts

• Meeting: 20th EAS Energy Ministers' Meeting.
• Date: 8 October 2026.
• Venue: Manila, Philippines.
• Indian representative: Shripad Yesso Naik.
• EAS first summit: 2005.
• Proposed India–Singapore power link: 2,000 MW.
• Possible corridor: Imphal–Myanmar–Thailand–Malaysia–Singapore.
• ASEAN Power Grid: Regional electricity interconnection initiative.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-ASEAN Relations | GS3: Energy Security

News Item

Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav addressed the UNFCCC Pre-COP31 meeting in Fiji on 7 October 2026.

India emphasised three priorities:

• Closing gaps in understanding.
• Fulfilling existing climate commitments.
• Accelerating implementation of the Paris Agreement.

India argued that the success of COP31 should be assessed through actual implementation, effective support for vulnerable countries and the scaling up of existing climate solutions rather than merely announcing new targets.

The Pre-COP31 meeting was co-hosted by Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu.

COP31 is scheduled to take place in Antalya, Türkiye, in November 2026.

Background

UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit.

The Paris Agreement was adopted at COP21 in 2015.

Its temperature goal is to hold global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.

Countries communicate their climate-action plans through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Climate negotiations address mitigation, adaptation, climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building.

Prelims Facts

• COP31 venue: Antalya, Türkiye.
• COP31 year: 2026.
• Pre-COP31 venue: Fiji.
• Pre-COP co-hosts: Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu.
• Indian delegation led by: Bhupender Yadav.
• UNFCCC adopted: 1992.
• Paris Agreement adopted: 2015.
• Paris Agreement: COP21.
• NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India's position highlights the gap between climate commitments and actual implementation. Developing countries require predictable finance, technology access and capacity building to pursue low-carbon development while addressing poverty, energy access and climate vulnerability.

GS Mapping

GS3: Climate Change | International Environmental Agreements

News Item

The World Bank raised India's GDP growth forecast for the current financial year to 7.1% on 6 October 2026, compared with its earlier projection of 6.6%. The upward revision followed stronger-than-expected economic activity, including 7.8% real GDP growth in the first quarter of FY27.

Background

The World Bank identified private consumption as an important growth driver.

Public investment and supportive financial and policy conditions were also expected to support economic activity.

Exports had performed better than previously expected.

However, global trade uncertainty, geopolitical risks and weaker agricultural prospects due to rainfall deficit were identified as downside risks.

The World Bank Group includes institutions such as IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID.

Prelims Facts

• World Bank FY27 India growth forecast: 7.1%.
• Earlier forecast: 6.6%.
• Q1 FY27 real GDP growth: 7.8%.
• Major driver: private consumption.
• Important risks: global uncertainty and weaker agricultural prospects.
• IBRD and IDA are part of the World Bank Group.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The upward revision reflects domestic demand resilience, but sustaining high growth requires stronger private investment, employment generation, productivity improvements and resilience against external trade, energy and climate shocks.

GS Mapping

GS3: Indian Economy and Growth

News Item

India and Switzerland signed five agreements following talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Swiss President Guy Parmelin in New Delhi on 5 October 2026. The agreements cover migration and mobility, exchange of young professionals, transportation technologies and infrastructure, science cooperation, and innovation, technology transfer and entrepreneurship. The two sides also discussed defence cooperation, nuclear energy and implementation of the India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement. [Akashvani News](https://newsonair.gov.in/pm-modi-to-hold-talks-with-swiss-president-guy-parmelin-in-new-delhi-today/)

Background

Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

EFTA has four members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

India signed the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement with EFTA in 2024.

TEPA became India's first free-trade agreement with a European economic bloc.

Under the agreement, India seeks to attract $100 billion of investment and facilitate creation of one million direct jobs over 15 years.

EFTA is separate from the European Union.

Prelims Facts

• Swiss President: Guy Parmelin.
• Agreements signed: 5.
• EFTA members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
• India-EFTA agreement: TEPA.
• TEPA signed: 2024.
• EFTA is not the European Union.
• Investment commitment framework: $100 billion over 15 years.
• Employment objective: one million direct jobs.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India-Switzerland ties increasingly combine trade, investment, technology, skilled mobility and innovation. Effective implementation of TEPA can deepen India's economic engagement with Europe while diversifying investment and technology partnerships.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral Relations | GS3: International Trade and Investment

News Item

World Teachers' Day was observed on 5 October 2026 with the theme “Standing with teachers: 60 years of protecting the profession, advancing its status and shaping our futures.” The year marked the 60th anniversary of the 1966 ILO-UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers. [UNESCO](https://www.unesco.org/en/days/teachers)

Background

World Teachers' Day has been celebrated annually since 1994.

It commemorates the adoption of the 1966 ILO-UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers.

The Recommendation sets benchmarks relating to teachers' rights, responsibilities, preparation, recruitment, employment and working conditions.

The 1997 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel complements the 1966 instrument.

World Teachers' Day is co-convened by UNESCO, ILO, UNICEF and Education International.

Prelims Facts

• World Teachers' Day: 5 October.
• Observed since: 1994.
• Linked to: 1966 ILO-UNESCO Recommendation.
• 2026 marked its 60th anniversary.
• Co-conveners include UNESCO, ILO, UNICEF and Education International.
• Higher-education teaching personnel recommendation: 1997.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education and Human Resource Development

News Item

Seven OPEC+ countries—Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Algeria and Oman—decided at a virtual meeting on 4 October to maintain their September 2026 required production levels for November 2026.

Background

OPEC+ combines members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries with cooperating non-OPEC producers such as Russia.

The broader cooperation framework is known as the Declaration of Cooperation.

Production decisions by major oil exporters can influence global crude supply and prices.

For India, a major crude-oil importer, sustained high oil prices can affect the import bill, inflation, current account and fiscal conditions.

Prelims Facts

• OPEC headquarters: Vienna, Austria.
• OPEC+ includes non-OPEC producers such as Russia and Kazakhstan.
• Seven countries in the 4 October decision: Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Algeria and Oman.
• November target: September 2026 required production level.
• Next meeting of the seven countries: 1 November 2026.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations | GS3: Energy Security

News Item

An Indian Parliamentary Delegation led by Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman Harivansh departed for Arusha, Tanzania, to participate in the 153rd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union from 5-9 October 2026.

Background

The Assembly's theme is “Enhancing good governance and empowering communities through inclusivity, trust and opportunities for all.”

The Inter-Parliamentary Union is a global organisation of national parliaments and promotes parliamentary dialogue, peace, democracy and cooperation.

The IPU was founded in 1889 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

India's participation represents parliamentary diplomacy, which complements conventional government-to-government diplomacy.

Prelims Facts

• Organisation: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
• Assembly: 153rd.
• Venue: Arusha, Tanzania.
• Dates: 5-9 October 2026.
• Indian delegation leader: Harivansh.
• IPU founded: 1889.
• Headquarters: Geneva.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Institutions and Parliamentary Diplomacy

News Item

On the sidelines of the G20 Trade Ministers' Meeting in Milwaukee, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal held bilateral talks with counterparts from France, Canada, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Discussions covered the India-EU FTA, India-Canada CEPA, India-GCC FTA and upgradation of the India-Korea CEPA.

Background

With Canada, discussions focused on expediting CEPA negotiations and expanding cooperation in energy, critical minerals and aerospace. Separate reporting on 2 October indicated an ambition to substantially expand bilateral trade over the next five years.

With France, India discussed accelerating the India-EU FTA and cooperation in aerospace manufacturing, UPI integration and innovation.

With Saudi Arabia, discussions covered the India-GCC FTA.

With South Korea, India discussed upgrading the existing CEPA and improving market access for Indian agricultural, pharmaceutical and marine products.

Prelims Facts

• G20 Trade Ministers' Meeting venue: Milwaukee, USA.
• India-Canada proposed agreement: CEPA.
• India-South Korea already have a CEPA.
• India is negotiating an FTA with the European Union.
• GCC is a six-member grouping of Gulf states.
• Critical minerals are emerging as a major India-Canada cooperation area.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India's simultaneous engagement with multiple trade partners reflects a strategy of market diversification, supply-chain resilience and access to critical minerals and technology. The challenge is to secure greater market access while protecting sensitive domestic sectors and ensuring that agreements support manufacturing and export competitiveness.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations | GS3: External Trade

News Item

The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had caused 4,018 reported deaths among 8,300 confirmed cases across seven provinces by 2 October. Africa CDC warned that falling reported case numbers could partly reflect surveillance gaps rather than a sustained decline in transmission.

Background

Ebola Virus Disease is a severe viral disease caused by viruses of the genus Orthoebolavirus.

Transmission can occur through direct contact with blood or other body fluids of infected persons or contaminated materials.

The 2026 DRC outbreak has been associated with Bundibugyo virus, a less common Ebola-virus species.

Africa CDC is the specialised public-health agency of the African Union.

Prelims Facts

• Country: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• Confirmed cases reported: 8,300.
• Reported deaths: 4,018.
• Provinces affected: seven.
• Reported case fatality rate: 48.4%.
• Africa CDC is associated with the African Union.

GS Mapping

GS2: Global Health | Prelims: Diseases

News Item

India presented its forest and landscape restoration initiatives at the 28th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry (COFO 28), held in Rome from 28 September to 2 October 2026.

Background

India reported forest and tree cover of 82.74 million hectares, equivalent to 25.17% of its geographical area.

According to FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025, India ranks 9th globally in forest area and 3rd in net annual forest-area gain.

Under the Bonn Challenge, India has committed to restore 26 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2030; 21.76 million hectares were reported under restoration.

India also highlighted the Aravalli Green Wall, MISHTI mangrove initiative and Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam.

India stated that its Ramsar Site count had reached 101.

Prelims Facts

• COFO 28 venue: Rome.
• Organisation: Food and Agriculture Organization.
• India forest and tree cover: 82.74 million hectares.
• Share of geographical area: 25.17%.
• FAO FRA 2025: India ranks 9th in forest area.
• India ranks 3rd in net annual forest-area gain.
• Bonn Challenge target: restore 26 million hectares by 2030.
• Area reported under restoration: 21.76 million hectares.
• Aravalli Green Wall identified about 6.45 million hectares of degraded land for restoration.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Landscape restoration connects climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, water security and livelihoods. Effective restoration should therefore focus not only on plantation numbers but also on native ecosystems, ecological quality, local-community participation and long-term survival of restored vegetation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment, Forestry and Climate Change

News Item

India reaffirmed its commitment to the conservation of whales and other cetaceans at the 70th meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC-70) in Hobart, Australia, on 28 September 2026.

Background

Cetaceans are aquatic mammals belonging to the order Cetacea and include whales, dolphins and porpoises.

The International Whaling Commission was established under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, signed in 1946.

The IWC originally focused on management of whaling but its work has expanded to include conservation issues such as bycatch, ship strikes, marine pollution, underwater noise and habitat degradation.

Prelims Facts

• IWC-70 venue: Hobart, Australia.
• IWC: International Whaling Commission.
• Founding convention signed: 1946.
• Cetaceans include whales, dolphins and porpoises.
• Cetaceans are mammals, not fish.
• Modern cetacean threats include bycatch, ship strikes, pollution and underwater noise.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Marine Conservation

News Item

INS Sahyadri and INS Kulish concluded participation in the 23rd ADMM-Plus Experts' Working Group on Maritime Security Joint Cooperation Activity at Subic Bay, Philippines. The Indian Navy highlighted enhanced operational coordination and interoperability.

Background

The activity was hosted by the Philippine Navy and co-chaired by Japan. The sea phase included Search and Rescue, hydrographic survey, medical evacuation, deck-landing qualification and assistance to vessels aground.

ADMM-Plus is an ASEAN-led defence-cooperation mechanism bringing together ASEAN members and eight Plus countries.

Prelims Facts

• Indian ships: INS Sahyadri and INS Kulish.
• Location: Subic Bay, Philippines.
• Host: Philippine Navy.
• Co-chair: Japan.
• Activity: 23rd ADMM-Plus EWG on Maritime Security JCA.
• ADMM-Plus is an ASEAN-led defence-cooperation framework.

GS Mapping

GS3: Maritime Security | GS2: ASEAN

News Item

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the General Debate of the 81st United Nations General Assembly in New York on 26 September. He presented India's positions on ongoing conflicts, maritime security, terrorism, challenges facing the Global South and artificial intelligence.

Background

India called for restraint and de-escalation in ongoing conflicts and emphasised protection of civilians and continuity of energy and commercial flows. It also described attacks on commercial shipping and seafarers across major waterways as unacceptable.

On terrorism, the Minister stated India's position that cross-border and State-supported terrorism challenges the international order and that terror financing should be countered.

He described food, fuel, fertiliser and finance as four major pressures facing the Global South and said India intends to include artificial intelligence in its development partnerships.

Prelims Facts

• Session: 81st UN General Assembly.
• Venue: UN Headquarters, New York.
• India's General Debate address: 26 September 2026.
• Theme of the 81st session: Restoring trust, managing transformation: a United Nations that delivers for all.
• UN General Assembly includes all 193 UN Member States.
• Each UN Member State has one vote in the General Assembly.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India's address linked security questions with their economic effects on countries outside conflict zones, particularly energy, trade and food-security disruptions. It also reflected India's stated priorities of maritime security, counter-terrorism, development cooperation with the Global South and wider access to emerging technologies.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations and United Nations

News Item

The 15th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice opened in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on 26 September 2026. The Congress will continue until 1 October and brings together governments, international organisations, experts and civil society on emerging crime and justice challenges.

Background

UN Crime Congresses are held approximately every five years and are major global forums on crime prevention and criminal justice.

The 15th Congress addresses areas such as people-centred justice systems, new and evolving forms of crime, international cooperation, use of data and responsible use of technology in criminal justice.

The Abu Dhabi Declaration is the Congress's principal political outcome and is intended to guide international cooperation on crime prevention, criminal justice and rule of law over the coming years.

Prelims Facts

• Congress: 15th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
• Dates: 26 September-1 October 2026.
• Venue: Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, Abu Dhabi.
• Host country: United Arab Emirates.
• UN Crime Congresses are held approximately every five years.
• Major outcome document: Abu Dhabi Declaration.
• Important areas include emerging crime, access to justice, data, technology and international cooperation.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Transnational organised crime, cybercrime, financial fraud and technology-enabled criminal networks increasingly cross national jurisdictions. Effective responses therefore require stronger domestic justice institutions alongside cross-border evidence sharing, legal cooperation, capacity-building and safeguards for rights and due process.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations and Rule of Law | GS3: Internal Security

News Item

The International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons was observed on 26 September 2026. The UN observance seeks to increase public awareness of the risks posed by nuclear weapons and promote the objective of global nuclear disarmament.

Background

The UN General Assembly established the observance through Resolution 68/32 in 2013, and it has been observed annually since 2014.

Nuclear disarmament was also addressed in the very first resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1946, which established an Atomic Energy Commission with a mandate that included proposals for the elimination of atomic weapons.

Prelims Facts

• Date: 26 September.
• Established through UNGA Resolution 68/32.
• Observed annually since 2014.
• Global nuclear disarmament is a long-standing UN objective.
• The UN General Assembly's first resolution in 1946 addressed atomic weapons and disarmament.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations and Disarmament

News Item

World Contraception Day was observed globally on 26 September 2026. UNFPA highlighted reproductive agency, informed contraceptive choices and sustained national investment in access to family-planning services.

Background

Reproductive agency means the ability of individuals to make informed decisions about whether and when to have children and how many children to have.

UNFPA stresses that access requires not only availability of contraceptive methods but also accurate information, reliable supply chains, affordability and functioning health systems.

UNFPA is the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency.

Prelims Facts

• World Contraception Day: 26 September.
• Associated UN agency: UNFPA.
• UNFPA is the UN sexual and reproductive health agency.
• Reproductive agency includes informed decisions about whether, when and how many children to have.
• Reliable contraceptive access requires functioning supply chains and health systems.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, Women and Social Issues

News Item

The United Nations General Assembly held its second High-Level Meeting on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response at UN Headquarters in New York on 25 September 2026. Countries renewed commitments to strengthen preparedness through equity, solidarity, resilient health systems and sustained investment.

Background

The first UNGA High-Level Meeting on the subject was held in 2023.

The WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted by the 78th World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025 under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution. Negotiations are continuing on its Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing system. The Agreement will be opened for signature and ratification after adoption of the PABS annex and will enter into force 30 days after 60 ratifications.

Prelims Facts

• Meeting date: 25 September 2026.
• Venue: UN Headquarters, New York.
• It was the second UNGA High-Level Meeting on pandemic preparedness.
• First such meeting: 2023.
• WHO Pandemic Agreement adopted: 20 May 2025.
• Adopted by: 78th World Health Assembly.
• Negotiations on the PABS annex were still continuing in September 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Pandemics are transboundary risks that require national capacity as well as international coordination. Key lessons include stronger surveillance, resilient primary health systems, local and regional manufacturing, reliable financing, trained health workers and equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics and medicines.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations and Health | GS3: Disaster Preparedness

News Item

Indian Coast Guard Ship Shaunak sailed from Chennai for Perth, Australia, on 25 September as part of the QUAD-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission, strengthening operational cooperation among the Coast Guards of India, Australia, Japan and the United States.

Background

Six “Sea Riders” joined the mission: two officers each from India and Japan and one each from Australia and the United States.

The initiative was linked to the Quad Foreign Ministers' Joint Statement of 26 May 2026 and is designed to improve interoperability, professional exchanges and maritime coordination.

Prelims Facts

• Indian ship: ICG Ship Shaunak.
• Departure point: Chennai.
• Destination: Perth, Australia.
• Quad members: India, Australia, Japan and United States.
• Six Sea Riders participated.
• Mission aims to strengthen Coast Guard interoperability.

GS Mapping

GS2: Indo-Pacific Relations | GS3: Maritime Security

News Item

The UN General Assembly held a high-level meeting on 24 September 2026 to address the existential threats posed by sea-level rise. The Assembly adopted a Political Declaration recognising the growing risks to people, infrastructure, economies, cultures and low-lying States.

Background

The meeting was convened pursuant to UN General Assembly Decision 78/558. Small Island Developing States and low-lying coastal regions are particularly vulnerable.

According to the President of the UN General Assembly, the rate of global mean sea-level rise increased from about 2.1 mm per year during 1993-2002 to about 4.7 mm per year during 2015-2024.

Prelims Facts

• UN high-level meeting on sea-level rise: 24 September 2026.
• Venue: United Nations Headquarters, New York.
• Convened pursuant to UNGA Decision 78/558.
• The General Assembly adopted a Political Declaration.
• Small Island Developing States are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise.
• Global mean sea-level rise accelerated substantially between the early satellite era and 2015-2024.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Sea-level rise is not only an environmental issue but also a development, migration, sovereignty, maritime-boundary and climate-justice challenge. Adaptation finance, resilient infrastructure, early-warning systems and protection of vulnerable coastal communities will be increasingly important.

GS Mapping

GS3: Climate Change and Disaster Management | GS2: International Cooperation

News Item

India participated in the 23rd ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Consultation and the 14th East Asia Summit Economic Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines. Review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was a major focus of India's engagement.

Background

India-ASEAN bilateral trade reached USD 128.38 billion in 2025-26 and ASEAN accounted for 10.55% of India's total global trade.

The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed on 13 August 2009 and entered into force on 1 January 2010. Its ongoing review seeks to make the agreement more balanced, effective, user-friendly and trade-facilitative and to address trade asymmetries.

Prelims Facts

• 23rd ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Consultation: Manila, Philippines.
• 14th East Asia Summit Economic Ministers' Meeting: Manila.
• India-ASEAN trade in 2025-26: USD 128.38 billion.
• ASEAN share in India's global trade: 10.55%.
• AITIGA signed: 13 August 2009.
• AITIGA entered into force: 1 January 2010.
• Timor-Leste participated among the 11 ASEAN countries in the 2026 meetings.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The AITIGA review is significant for India's Act East engagement and regional value-chain integration. India seeks deeper market access while addressing trade imbalances and ensuring that rules of origin and tariff structures support domestic industry and legitimate trade.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-ASEAN Relations | GS3: External Trade

News Item

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar co-chaired the L.69 Consultative Ministerial Interaction on UN Security Council reform with Saint Lucia's Foreign Minister Alva Baptiste during the UNGA high-level period. India highlighted the urgency of comprehensive reform of the Security Council.

Background

The L.69 is a cross-regional coalition of developing countries advocating comprehensive and urgent reform of the UN Security Council. The C-10 represents the African Union's Committee of Ten promoting the Common African Position on Security Council reform.

The UN Security Council has 15 members: five permanent and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.

Prelims Facts

• L.69 focuses on comprehensive UNSC reform.
• India co-chaired the 2026 ministerial interaction with Saint Lucia.
• C-10 represents the African Union's Committee of Ten on UNSC reform.
• UNSC has 15 members.
• Five are permanent members and ten are elected non-permanent members.
• Non-permanent members serve two-year terms.

GS Mapping

GS2: United Nations and Multilateral Institutions

News Item

World Maritime Day was observed on 24 September 2026. The International Maritime Organization adopted the theme “From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence” for both 2026 and 2027.

Background

World Maritime Day is observed on the final Thursday of September and highlights the importance of shipping and IMO's work on maritime safety, security and environmental protection.

The 2026-27 theme emphasises translating international maritime regulations into national legislation, effective enforcement, training and practical implementation.

Prelims Facts

• World Maritime Day 2026: 24 September.
• It is observed on the final Thursday of September.
• 2026-27 theme: From Policy to Practice: Powering Maritime Excellence.
• The theme is being used for two years for the first time.
• Associated organisation: International Maritime Organization.
• IMO Headquarters: London.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations | GS3: Maritime Sector

News Item

The BRICS Heads of Tax Authorities Meeting was held in New Delhi on 23 September 2026. Two India-led Working Groups were formally established on International Taxation and Transfer Pricing, and on Revenue Statistics.

Background

The meeting marked the culmination of India's 2026 BRICS tax-cooperation chairship. The BRICS Tax Cross-Learning Lab was launched, the BRICS Tax Progress Report 2026 was adopted and the Young Tax Professionals Capacity Building Programme was institutionalised as an annual initiative.

Prelims Facts

• Meeting: BRICS Heads of Tax Authorities.
• Venue: New Delhi.
• India-led Working Group 1: International Taxation and Transfer Pricing.
• India-led Working Group 2: Revenue Statistics.
• BRICS Tax Cross-Learning Lab was launched.
• BRICS Tax Progress Report 2026 was adopted.
• China will chair the BRICS tax-cooperation track in 2027.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Regular technical cooperation on transfer pricing, revenue statistics and digital tax administration can improve tax capacity and help developing economies engage more effectively with evolving international tax rules.

GS Mapping

GS2: BRICS | GS3: Taxation

News Item

The International Day of Sign Languages was observed on 23 September 2026 with the theme “Declaring Deaf People's Human Rights.” The observance promotes recognition of sign languages as essential to the human rights and inclusion of deaf people.

Background

The UN General Assembly proclaimed 23 September as the International Day of Sign Languages in 2017. The date commemorates the establishment of the World Federation of the Deaf in 1951. The year 2026 marks the WFD's 75th anniversary and 20 years since adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Prelims Facts

• Date: 23 September.
• Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 2017.
• First observed: 2018.
• 23 September marks the founding of the World Federation of the Deaf in 1951.
• 2026 marks WFD's 75th anniversary.
• 2026 theme: Declaring Deaf People's Human Rights.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice and Rights of Persons with Disabilities

News Item

The General Debate of the 81st Session of the United Nations General Assembly began at UN Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2026. The debate brings together Heads of State, Heads of Government and ministers to discuss major international challenges.

Background

The theme of the 81st session is “Restoring trust, managing transformation: a United Nations that delivers for all.” Khalilur Rahman of Bangladesh is President of the 81st Session of the UN General Assembly.

The UN General Assembly is the United Nations' main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ. All UN Member States are represented in it.

Prelims Facts

• UNGA General Debate began on 22 September 2026.
• Session: 81st UN General Assembly.
• Venue: UN Headquarters, New York.
• President of the 81st session: Khalilur Rahman of Bangladesh.
• Theme: “Restoring trust, managing transformation: a United Nations that delivers for all.”
• The 81st ordinary session formally opened on 8 September 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The UNGA General Debate provides a universal diplomatic platform for states to present priorities and address conflict, development, climate change and multilateral reform. Its representative character gives smaller states an institutional voice even though many resolutions are not legally binding.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations and International Organisations

News Item

The 7th High-Level Meeting of the OPEC-India Energy Dialogue was held in New Delhi on 22 September 2026. Discussions focused on oil-market stability, energy security, investment and the short-, medium- and long-term outlook for global energy markets.

Background

The dialogue was co-chaired by India's Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri and OPEC Secretary General Haitham Al Ghais. The OPEC-India Energy Dialogue was launched in New Delhi in 2015.

OPEC was established at the Baghdad Conference in September 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria.

Prelims Facts

• 7th OPEC-India Energy Dialogue: New Delhi.
• Date: 22 September 2026.
• OPEC-India Energy Dialogue was launched in 2015.
• OPEC was founded in Baghdad in 1960.
• Founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
• OPEC headquarters: Vienna, Austria.
• The next high-level OPEC-India meeting is proposed to be held in Vienna.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• For a major oil-importing economy such as India, structured engagement with producer countries can support energy security, supply stability and investment. At the same time, India's long-term strategy requires diversification of energy sources and reduced vulnerability to external oil-price shocks.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations | GS3: Energy Security

News Item

World Cleanup Day was observed on 20 September 2026 under the theme “From Clean Plates to Clean Cities”. The global observance, facilitated by UN-Habitat, focused on preventing food waste, recovering edible food, improving organic-waste management and promoting circular, resource-efficient cities.

Background

The United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 78/122 on 8 December 2023, proclaiming 20 September as World Cleanup Day. UN-Habitat facilitates the UN observance.

The 2026 global observance was centred in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China. Food waste is closely linked with urban waste systems, climate change and resource loss.

According to the UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2024, about 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted at household, food-service and retail levels in 2022, equivalent to about 19% of food available to consumers.

Prelims Facts

• World Cleanup Day is observed on 20 September.
• UNGA Resolution 78/122 proclaimed 20 September as World Cleanup Day.
• The resolution was adopted on 8 December 2023.
• UN-Habitat facilitates the United Nations observance.
• The 2026 theme is “From Clean Plates to Clean Cities”.
• The 2026 global observance was held in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China.
• About 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted at household, food-service and retail levels in 2022.
• This was about 19% of food available to consumers.
• Food loss and waste are estimated to contribute around 8–10% of global greenhouse-gas emissions.
• More than one billion meals are wasted globally each day.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Food-waste reduction links urban governance with climate action, food security and circular economy. Effective policy requires source segregation, reliable measurement, food redistribution networks, composting and biomethanation, and behavioural change across households and businesses.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment; Waste Management; Climate Change

News Item

The 13th edition of the Sri Lanka-India bilateral maritime exercise SLINEX-26 is being conducted at Visakhapatnam from 17 to 21 September 2026. The exercise has a Harbour Phase followed by a Sea Phase to strengthen maritime cooperation and interoperability between the two navies.

Background

SLINEX was conceptualised in 2005 and has developed into a regular bilateral naval engagement between India and Sri Lanka.

INS Kavaratti, an indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvette, and fleet tanker INS Jyoti represent the Indian Navy in SLINEX-26. The Sri Lanka Navy is represented by SLNS Sindurala.

The Harbour Phase includes professional exchanges, cross-deck visits, sharing of best practices, sports and cultural activities. The Sea Phase focuses on coordinated activities at sea and operational synergy.

Prelims Facts

• SLINEX-26 is the 13th edition of the India-Sri Lanka bilateral maritime exercise.
• It is being conducted at Visakhapatnam from 17 to 21 September 2026.
• SLINEX was conceptualised in 2005.
• The exercise has Harbour and Sea phases.
• INS Kavaratti is an Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvette.
• INS Jyoti is a fleet tanker.
• SLNS Sindurala represents the Sri Lanka Navy.
• The Harbour Phase is being conducted under the aegis of the Eastern Naval Command.
• The exercise is aligned with India’s MAHASAGAR vision.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Regular bilateral naval exercises build trust, improve interoperability and support maritime-domain awareness in the Indian Ocean. For India and Sri Lanka, operational cooperation is especially relevant for sea-lane security, humanitarian assistance, disaster response and regional maritime stability.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence and Security; Maritime Security

News Item

International Equal Pay Day was observed on 18 September 2026. The International Labour Organization reiterated the principle of equal pay for work of equal value and noted that women globally continue to earn less than men.

Background

International Equal Pay Day is observed annually on 18 September to promote equal remuneration and reduce the gender pay gap.

The principle is anchored in the ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951, also known as Convention No. 100.

The Equal Pay International Coalition is led by the ILO, UN Women and OECD and supports governments, employers and workers in advancing pay equity.

Prelims Facts

• International Equal Pay Day is observed on 18 September.
• The ILO Equal Remuneration Convention is Convention No. 100.
• The Convention was adopted in 1951.
• The 2026 ILO message emphasised equal pay for work of equal value.
• ILO reported that women globally earn about 18% less than men.
• The Equal Pay International Coalition is associated with ILO, UN Women and OECD.
• Equal pay is linked to decent work, gender equality and social justice.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Closing the gender pay gap requires more than formal legal equality. Pay transparency, objective job evaluation, reduction of occupational segregation, stronger care infrastructure and higher female labour-force participation are all important for substantive equality.

GS Mapping

GS2: Social Justice; GS3: Employment

News Item

The 25th Meeting of Ministers of Shanghai Cooperation Organization Member States responsible for foreign economic and trade activities was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. India highlighted Security, Connectivity and Opportunity as three pillars for expanding international trade.

Background

The SCO originated in 2001 and has developed into an important Eurasian regional organisation dealing with security, political and economic cooperation.

India became a full SCO member in 2017.

At the trade ministers’ meeting, India called for lower trade costs, resilient supply chains and better connectivity, while emphasising that connectivity initiatives should respect sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Prelims Facts

• The 25th SCO trade ministers’ meeting was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
• India highlighted Security, Connectivity and Opportunity as three pillars.
• India called for lower trade costs and resilient supply chains.
• India emphasised respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity in connectivity initiatives.
• SCO was established in 2001.
• India became a full member in 2017.
• SCO Secretariat is located in Beijing.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• For India, SCO economic engagement offers access to Eurasian markets but remains constrained by connectivity gaps and geopolitical tensions. India’s emphasis on sovereignty-sensitive connectivity reflects its broader approach to regional infrastructure and trade corridors.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

New Zealand’s Parliament passed legislation to give effect to the India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement signed in April 2026. Once the agreement enters into force, 100% of Indian exports to New Zealand will receive duty-free access.

Background

India and New Zealand signed the FTA in New Delhi on 27 April 2026. The agreement will enter into force after both countries complete their domestic legal procedures.

Besides goods trade, the agreement covers services, investment and mobility of professionals, students and youth. It also provides for facilitating USD 20 billion of investment into India.

Indian sectors expected to benefit from duty-free access include textiles and apparel, leather and footwear, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and processed foods.

Prelims Facts

• The India–New Zealand FTA was signed in New Delhi on 27 April 2026.
• New Zealand’s Parliament passed implementing legislation on 16 September 2026.
• Indian exports will receive 100% duty-free access to New Zealand from entry into force.
• New Zealand will receive enhanced access for products including wood, wool, sheep meat and leather raw hides.
• The agreement provides for facilitating USD 20 billion of investment into India.
• It also covers services and mobility opportunities for professionals, students and youth.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The FTA can diversify India’s trade partnerships in the Indo-Pacific and improve market access for labour-intensive and value-added exports. Effective gains will depend on Rules of Origin, utilisation by exporters, investment flows and the competitiveness of domestic industries.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Economy

News Item

World Patient Safety Day was observed on 17 September 2026 with the theme “Safe care for noncommunicable diseases” and the slogan “Safe care for life!”. WHO highlighted the need to reduce avoidable harm throughout the long-term care of people living with NCDs.

Background

World Patient Safety Day was established in 2019 through World Health Assembly Resolution WHA72.6 on global action on patient safety.

WHO estimates that noncommunicable diseases account for about 74% of deaths worldwide. Because NCDs often require repeated diagnosis, medication, monitoring and long-term care, patients may face safety risks at multiple stages.

WHO also notes that around one in ten patients experiences harm during health care globally and roughly half of such harm is preventable.

Prelims Facts

• World Patient Safety Day is observed annually on 17 September.
• It was established through World Health Assembly Resolution WHA72.6 in 2019.
• The 2026 theme is “Safe care for noncommunicable diseases.”
• The campaign slogan is “Safe care for life!”
• NCDs account for around 74% of global deaths.
• WHO estimates that about one in ten patients is harmed during health care.
• Around half of health-care-associated harm is considered preventable.
• Orange is used globally to show solidarity with the World Patient Safety Day campaign.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Patient safety is central to universal health coverage because access alone is insufficient if care is unsafe. NCD management particularly requires continuity of care, medication safety, accurate diagnosis, strong primary health systems and meaningful participation of patients.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health and Social Issues

News Item

The Third BIMSTEC Conference on Traditional Medicine Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Intellectual Property Rights began in Goa on 16 September. It was held alongside the second meeting of the BIMSTEC Nodal Group and focused on documentation, conservation, intellectual property and equitable benefit-sharing.

Background

The Ministry of Ayush organised the two-day conference, with the All India Institute of Ayurveda, Goa, serving as the nodal institute. Sessions covered prior informed consent, community rights, access and benefit-sharing, WIPO and WHO initiatives, and the possible regional relevance of India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library.

BIMSTEC links seven Bay of Bengal countries — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. It was established in 1997 and its Secretariat is in Dhaka.

Prelims Facts

• The third BIMSTEC conference on traditional medicine was held in Goa.
• It was organised by the Ministry of Ayush.
• AIIA Goa served as the nodal institute.
• BIMSTEC has seven members and its Secretariat is in Dhaka.
• Conference themes included access and benefit-sharing, prior informed consent, community rights and traditional-knowledge documentation.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge