Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

On 10 October 2026, the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) announced the distribution of ₹2.02 crore in Access and Benefit-Sharing funds among 27 States and three Union Territories. The amount came from seed-sector companies using agricultural biological resources. The NBA stated that its cumulative benefit-sharing disbursement had reached ₹202 crore.

Background

Access and Benefit-Sharing is a mechanism through which benefits arising from the utilisation of biological resources are shared fairly and equitably.

India's ABS framework operates under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, as amended.

The National Biodiversity Authority is a statutory body established under the Biological Diversity Act.

Other important institutions in India's biodiversity governance framework include State Biodiversity Boards and Biodiversity Management Committees.

Biodiversity Management Committees are associated with local-level biodiversity conservation and the preparation of People's Biodiversity Registers.

In the latest distribution, funds were allocated to State Biodiversity Boards and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils using an approved mechanism based on the cultivation areas of relevant agricultural biological resources.

The contributions were associated with crops including rice, brinjal, cauliflower, cucumber, chilli, tomato and okra.

The Ministry stated that the funds could support biodiversity conservation, traditional crop varieties, medicinal plants, habitat restoration and local livelihoods.

The release also linked India's ABS framework to Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which addresses fair and equitable benefit-sharing from genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.

Prelims Facts

• National Biodiversity Authority is a statutory body.
• Parent legislation is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• Latest ABS distribution is ₹2.02 crore.
• Beneficiaries include 27 States and three Union Territories.
• Cumulative NBA ABS disbursement reached ₹202 crore.
• People's Biodiversity Registers are associated with Biodiversity Management Committees.
• Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 13 concerns benefit-sharing.
• CBD COP17 is scheduled to begin in Yerevan, Armenia, on 19 October 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Benefit-sharing can connect biodiversity conservation with economic incentives for local communities. Effective implementation requires transparent allocation, strong local institutions, protection of traditional knowledge and monitoring of how funds support conservation and livelihoods.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Governance

News Item

World Migratory Bird Day was observed on 10 October 2026, the second official campaign date of the year after 9 May. The 2026 campaign highlighted the role of community science in migratory bird conservation. Its slogan was "Every Bird Counts - Your Observations Matter!"

Background

World Migratory Bird Day raises awareness about migratory birds, their habitats and the need for international conservation cooperation.

The campaign is organised through a partnership involving the Convention on Migratory Species, the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement, Environment for the Americas and the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership.

The 2026 campaign focused on community science, also called citizen science.

Community science involves members of the public collecting observations that can support scientific research and conservation.

Bird counts and migration records help researchers understand population trends, migration routes and threats to habitats.

The 2026 campaign also coincided with the 60th anniversary of the International Waterbird Census.

The official campaign toolkit highlighted the Spoon-billed Sandpiper as one of its ambassador birds.

Prelims Facts

• World Migratory Bird Day official dates in 2026 were 9 May and 10 October.
• Campaign theme focused on community science.
• Official slogan was Every Bird Counts - Your Observations Matter!
• CMS stands for Convention on Migratory Species.
• AEWA stands for African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement.
• Spoon-billed Sandpiper was among the 2026 ambassador birds.
• International Waterbird Census marked its 60th anniversary in 2026.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity, Migratory Species and Conservation

News Item

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) received ₹9.68 crore under the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) framework during April–September 2026, according to a Ministry of Environment release dated 8 October 2026.

The payments were made by users of India's biological resources.

Major contributions:

• Agriculture and seed sector: ₹7.16 crore.
• Food and beverages: ₹1.59 crore.
• Animal husbandry: Approximately ₹62 lakh.

The Ministry stated that the NBA has collected approximately ₹278 crore through ABS since 2008 and disbursed more than ₹200 crore for conservation and benefit-sharing purposes.

Background

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

The Act provides a framework for:

• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Sustainable use of biological resources.
• Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation.

It was amended by the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023.

Three-level institutional framework:

• National level: National Biodiversity Authority.
• State level: State Biodiversity Boards.
• Local level: Biodiversity Management Committees.

Biodiversity Management Committees help prepare and maintain People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs).

International linkage:

The Nagoya Protocol, adopted in 2010 under the Convention on Biological Diversity, provides an international framework for fair and equitable benefit sharing.

Prelims Facts

• Institution: National Biodiversity Authority.
• Legal basis: Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• Important amendment: 2023.
• ABS receipts during April–September 2026: ₹9.68 crore.
• Largest contributing sector: Agriculture and seeds.
• Local institution: Biodiversity Management Committee.
• Local biodiversity documentation: People's Biodiversity Register.
• International agreement: Nagoya Protocol, 2010.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The ABS framework attempts to ensure that economic benefits from biodiversity utilisation also support conservation and local communities.
• Its effectiveness depends on transparent benefit distribution, documentation of biological resources and meaningful participation of local communities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity Conservation | Environmental Governance

News Item

Under Project Cheetah, Indian-born female cheetah KJP21 gave birth to five healthy cubs at Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh on 5 October 2026. India’s total cheetah population consequently rose to 60, including 41 cheetahs born in India. The cubs also mark the beginning of the Botswana genetic lineage in India because their father is a male cheetah brought from Botswana. [Akashvani News](https://newsonair.gov.in/cheetah-population-in-india-rises-to-60-with-birth-of-five-cubs-at-kuno-national-park/)

Background

Project Cheetah is India's programme for restoring cheetahs to the country after the species became extinct in India in the 20th century.

The cheetah was officially declared extinct in India in 1952.

The first batch of eight African cheetahs was brought from Namibia to Kuno National Park in September 2022.

A second batch was subsequently brought from South Africa.

Kuno National Park lies in Madhya Pradesh and forms part of the larger Kuno landscape.

The cheetah is the world's fastest land animal.

Prelims Facts

• Project: Project Cheetah.
• New cubs: 5.
• Mother: KJP21, an Indian-born female.
• Total cheetah population in India: 60.
• Indian-born cheetahs: 41.
• Location: Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh.
• New cubs introduce Botswana lineage.
• Cheetah declared extinct in India: 1952.
• First reintroduced batch: Namibia, 2022.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The birth of successive generations of cheetahs in India is important for long-term establishment of the species. However, a sustainable reintroduction programme requires adequate prey, large connected habitats, genetic diversity, disease surveillance, scientific monitoring and management of human-wildlife interactions.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity, Wildlife Conservation and Environment

News Item

Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav released two male Great Indian Bustards into the wild at Sam in Desert National Park, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, on 4 October 2026. The release marks an important transition in India's nearly decade-long conservation programme for the critically endangered species.

Background

The Great Indian Bustard is one of the world's heaviest flying birds and is mainly associated with India's arid and semi-arid grasslands.

Its remaining major population is concentrated in Rajasthan, especially the Desert National Park landscape.

Major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, collision with overhead power lines, disturbance and historically low reproductive rates.

India's conservation programme combines captive breeding, habitat management, scientific monitoring and eventual release of captive-reared birds into suitable habitats.

The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Prelims Facts

• Great Indian Bustard scientific name: Ardeotis nigriceps.
• IUCN status: Critically Endangered.
• Major stronghold: Rajasthan.
• Release site: Sam, Desert National Park, Jaisalmer.
• Birds released: two males.
• Major threat: collision with overhead power lines.
• Great Indian Bustard is primarily a grassland bird.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The GIB recovery programme highlights the need to treat grasslands as valuable ecosystems rather than wastelands. Long-term recovery requires protection of breeding habitats, predator and disturbance management, scientifically planned releases and bird-safe power infrastructure across the wider landscape.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

News Item

A tigress was released in the Buxa forest of West Bengal on 2 October 2026, marking the beginning of a phased Tiger Reintroduction Programme aimed at restoring a viable, self-sustaining tiger population in the Buxa landscape. The initiative is being implemented jointly by the West Bengal Government and the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

Background

Buxa Tiger Reserve is located in Alipurduar district of northern West Bengal in the Dooars region, close to the Bhutan border.

Its location makes it ecologically important for landscape-level connectivity between protected forests of India and Bhutan.

Tiger reintroduction involves deliberate restoration of tigers to a part of their historical range where the population has disappeared or become functionally absent. It differs from routine translocation because the objective is establishment of a viable breeding population.

The programme was inaugurated at the beginning of Wildlife Week 2026. The tigress was provided with the cooperation of Bihar.

Prelims Facts

• Buxa Tiger Reserve: West Bengal.
• District: Alipurduar.
• Physiographic region: Dooars.
• It lies close to Bhutan.
• Tiger reintroduction launched: 2 October 2026.
• Implementing partners: West Bengal Government and NTCA.
• NTCA is a statutory body under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Project Tiger was launched in 1973.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Reintroduction can restore apex predators and ecological functions, but long-term success depends on adequate prey, habitat quality, corridor connectivity, genetic management, scientific monitoring and coexistence with local communities. Buxa therefore represents a landscape-restoration project rather than merely the release of individual tigers.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

News Item

India presented its forest and landscape restoration initiatives at the 28th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry (COFO 28), held in Rome from 28 September to 2 October 2026.

Background

India reported forest and tree cover of 82.74 million hectares, equivalent to 25.17% of its geographical area.

According to FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025, India ranks 9th globally in forest area and 3rd in net annual forest-area gain.

Under the Bonn Challenge, India has committed to restore 26 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2030; 21.76 million hectares were reported under restoration.

India also highlighted the Aravalli Green Wall, MISHTI mangrove initiative and Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam.

India stated that its Ramsar Site count had reached 101.

Prelims Facts

• COFO 28 venue: Rome.
• Organisation: Food and Agriculture Organization.
• India forest and tree cover: 82.74 million hectares.
• Share of geographical area: 25.17%.
• FAO FRA 2025: India ranks 9th in forest area.
• India ranks 3rd in net annual forest-area gain.
• Bonn Challenge target: restore 26 million hectares by 2030.
• Area reported under restoration: 21.76 million hectares.
• Aravalli Green Wall identified about 6.45 million hectares of degraded land for restoration.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Landscape restoration connects climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, water security and livelihoods. Effective restoration should therefore focus not only on plantation numbers but also on native ecosystems, ecological quality, local-community participation and long-term survival of restored vegetation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment, Forestry and Climate Change

News Item

India reaffirmed its commitment to the conservation of whales and other cetaceans at the 70th meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC-70) in Hobart, Australia, on 28 September 2026.

Background

Cetaceans are aquatic mammals belonging to the order Cetacea and include whales, dolphins and porpoises.

The International Whaling Commission was established under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, signed in 1946.

The IWC originally focused on management of whaling but its work has expanded to include conservation issues such as bycatch, ship strikes, marine pollution, underwater noise and habitat degradation.

Prelims Facts

• IWC-70 venue: Hobart, Australia.
• IWC: International Whaling Commission.
• Founding convention signed: 1946.
• Cetaceans include whales, dolphins and porpoises.
• Cetaceans are mammals, not fish.
• Modern cetacean threats include bycatch, ship strikes, pollution and underwater noise.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Marine Conservation

News Item

The Environment Ministry launched the sixth cycle of Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Tiger Reserves and released the MEE-TR 2026 Technical Manual. The assessment will cover all 58 tiger reserves in India.

Background

The exercise is organised by the National Tiger Conservation Authority in collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India.

India's MEE framework is adapted from the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas framework and assesses six broad elements: Context, Planning, Inputs, Processes, Outputs and Outcomes.

MEE began in 2006. Previous cycles were carried out in 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. A major addition in the 2026 cycle is Solid Waste Management as a separate evaluation criterion.

Prelims Facts

• Current cycle: sixth.
• Tiger reserves covered: 58.
• Implementing institutions: NTCA and Wildlife Institute of India.
• MEE initiated in India: 2006.
• Previous cycles: 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022.
• Framework adapted from IUCN-WCPA.
• New separate criterion in 2026: Solid Waste Management.
• Six elements include Context, Planning, Inputs, Processes, Outputs and Outcomes.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Tiger conservation requires effective management of entire landscapes, not merely protection of individual animals. Regular independent assessment can reveal weaknesses in staffing, habitat management, tourism pressure, waste disposal, community engagement and ecological outcomes and guide future conservation investment.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

News Item

The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence seized 86 live Tokay Geckos during an operation linked to illegal wildlife trafficking at Mariani, Assam. Two persons were apprehended and the animals were handed over to the Forest Department.

Background

The Tokay Gecko is listed in Schedule I of India's Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Appendix II of CITES. CITES Appendix II regulates international trade in species where trade must be controlled to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival.

Prelims Facts

• Number seized: 86 live Tokay Geckos.
• Location: Mariani, Assam.
• Agency: Directorate of Revenue Intelligence.
• Indian legal protection: Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• International trade status: CITES Appendix II.
• CITES Appendix II regulates international trade in listed species.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity and Wildlife Crime

News Item

On World Rhino Day, 22 September 2026, the Government highlighted the initiation of Project Rhino, a new conservation effort for India's rhinoceros populations. The initiative will provide financial and technical support to rhino-range States for protection, habitat management, genetic improvement and scientific study of population dynamics.

Background

India is the principal range country of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), which is also found in Nepal. Major Indian populations occur in Assam, particularly Kaziranga National Park, along with protected areas in West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.

The species is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Conservation measures have helped its global population rise substantially over recent decades. Rhino reintroduction has also been undertaken in Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh.

Prelims Facts

• World Rhino Day is observed on 22 September.
• Project Rhino provides financial and technical support to rhino-range States.
• Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros: Rhinoceros unicornis.
• IUCN status: Vulnerable.
• Major Indian habitat: Assam, especially Kaziranga National Park.
• Rhino reintroduction has also been undertaken in Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Project Rhino can help consolidate India's conservation gains by linking species protection with habitat management, genetic diversity and scientific monitoring. Long-term success will require protection of grasslands and wetlands, reduction of poaching and habitat fragmentation, and cooperation among range States and local communities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment, Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

News Item

India’s first soil-carbon payments were released to 2,550 farmers in Punjab and Haryana for adopting regenerative farming practices. More than ₹2.9 crore is to be distributed under the initiative, linking verified environmental outcomes with additional farm income.

Background

The payments are part of the Aadi farmer-carbon programme, launched in 2019 by Grow Indigo with technical guidance from ICAR.

Participating farmers adopted practices such as Direct Seeded Rice, reduced tillage and crop-residue management. Greenhouse-gas reductions and increases in soil carbon were measured and independently verified before carbon credits were issued.

The programme covers more than two million acres and over one lakh farmers across seven States. Agricultural carbon credits have been issued under the Verra VM0042 methodology.

Prelims Facts

• The first payments were initiated at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
• A total of 2,550 farmers from Punjab and Haryana are covered in the first payment phase.
• More than ₹2.9 crore is to be disbursed.
• The Aadi programme was launched in 2019.
• Practices include Direct Seeded Rice, reduced tillage and crop-residue management.
• The programme covers more than two million acres and over one lakh farmers across seven States.
• The first issuance covered around 30,000 acres and more than 50,000 carbon credits.
• Individual participating farmers received approximately ₹3,000 to ₹15,000.
• The programme estimates savings of 45 billion litres of water in enrolled fields for 2019–2022.
• More than two lakh tonnes of crop residue were estimated to have been kept out of fires.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Soil-carbon markets can reward farmers for ecosystem services while promoting water conservation, soil health and lower emissions. Their credibility depends on transparent measurement, additionality, independent verification, fair revenue-sharing and safeguards against exaggerated carbon claims.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment; Agriculture

News Item

The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer was observed on 16 September 2026 under the theme “Global action for a cooler planet”. The observance highlighted ten years of sustainable-cooling action since adoption of the Kigali Amendment in 2016.

Background

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted in 1985 and created a framework for international cooperation. The Montreal Protocol followed in 1987 and established legally binding controls on ozone-depleting substances.

The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs much of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Its depletion increases risks to human health, crops and ecosystems.

The Montreal Protocol is notable for universal participation, compliance mechanisms and dedicated financing. Its success also created the institutional framework through which the Kigali Amendment later addressed climate-warming refrigerants.

Prelims Facts

• World Ozone Day is observed on 16 September.
• The Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987.
• The Kigali Amendment was adopted in 2016 in Rwanda.
• The 2026 theme is “Global action for a cooler planet”.
• HFCs are potent greenhouse gases but are not major ozone-depleting substances.
• 2026 marks the tenth anniversary of the Kigali Amendment.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Montreal Protocol demonstrates how science-based global cooperation can achieve measurable environmental results. The next challenge is to combine HFC phase-down with energy-efficient cooling so that rising cooling demand does not undermine climate goals.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Climate Change

News Item

The Union Environment Minister inaugurated a Soft Release Centre for the Great Indian Bustard at Naliya in Kachchh, Gujarat. The centre is designed to support conservation, monitoring and gradual adaptation of captive-bred or managed birds to the natural environment.

Background

The Great Indian Bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps, is one of the world’s rarest birds and is listed as Critically Endangered. It receives the highest legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Its remaining populations are concentrated mainly in arid and semi-arid grassland landscapes, especially Rajasthan and Gujarat. Major threats include habitat loss, fragmentation and collision with overhead power lines.

The Kachchh programme also includes grassland restoration, predator-proof fencing and a conservation-breeding intervention. During the same visit, mangrove restoration under MISHTI was reviewed at Jakhau.

Prelims Facts

• The GIB Soft Release Centre was inaugurated at Naliya in Kachchh, Gujarat.
• Great Indian Bustard is scientifically known as Ardeotis nigriceps.
• It is Critically Endangered.
• It is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Around 11 sq. km of Prosopis juliflora-infested grassland has been restored in the Kachchh GIB landscape.
• MISHTI focuses on mangrove restoration.
• Avicennia marina was planted at Jakhau Mangrove Nursery.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Saving the Great Indian Bustard requires more than captive breeding. Habitat restoration, power-line mitigation, community participation and landscape-level grassland management are essential for long-term recovery.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Biodiversity

News Item

South Asian countries adopted the Kathmandu Declaration at the first General Assembly of the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN). The declaration calls for stronger intelligence sharing, financial investigation, anti-money-laundering action, asset recovery and prosecution against organised wildlife crime.

Background

SAWEN is a regional intergovernmental wildlife law-enforcement support body established to combat wildlife crime in South Asia. It was formally launched in January 2011 at Paro, Bhutan, and its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Its eight members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Wildlife trafficking increasingly overlaps with organised crime, corruption, money laundering and cross-border criminal networks, making enforcement cooperation important for biodiversity as well as internal security.

Prelims Facts

• SAWEN was formally launched in January 2011 in Paro, Bhutan.
• Its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• SAWEN has eight South Asian member countries.
• The Kathmandu Declaration was adopted at the first SAWEN General Assembly.
• The declaration promotes financial investigation and anti-money-laundering action against wildlife crime.
• It also supports treatment of serious wildlife crime as transnational organised crime.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Wildlife crime is no longer only a conservation issue. Treating it as organised transnational crime can improve financial tracking, prosecution and cross-border enforcement while protecting biodiversity and strengthening the rule of law.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Internal Security

News Item

The three-day Global Dryland Congress 2026 concluded in New Delhi with the adoption of the Delhi Declaration on Drylands (3D). The declaration calls for stronger South-South and triangular cooperation, knowledge exchange and innovation for resilient dryland agriculture.

Background

Drylands include arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions where water availability is limited relative to climatic demand.

The Global Dryland Congress 2026 was jointly organised by ICAR and ICRISAT from 10–12 September. Drylands account for about 45% of the world’s land surface and are home to more than two billion people.

The Congress also marked 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

Prelims Facts

• Global Dryland Congress 2026 was held in New Delhi from 10–12 September.
• It was jointly organised by ICAR and ICRISAT.
• The Congress concluded with the Delhi Declaration on Drylands.
• Drylands cover about 45% of the world’s land surface.
• More than two billion people live in dryland regions.
• The Congress marked 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture and Environment

News Item

Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav recently inaugurated a two-day International Workshop on ‘Tiger Landscapes’ in New Delhi. Emphasizing that humans and nature must coexist peacefully, he highlighted how the survival of tigers is directly tied to the health of our forests, rivers, and local communities.

Background

The workshop was jointly organized by the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). It aimed to explore how protecting tiger habitats can boost local incomes through sustainable eco-tourism and a thriving bioeconomy. A key highlight of the event was a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between IBCA and ADB to fund nature-positive initiatives and support landscape conservation.

Prelims Facts

• The workshop's theme was ‘Tiger Landscapes: Conservation, Bioeconomy and Ecotourism as Pillars for Livelihood and Income Generation’.
• India launched Project Tiger in 1973 (starting from Jim Corbett National Park), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme that has successfully grown the country's tiger population to over 3,000.
• Tiger landscapes provide essential "ecosystem services," such as carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and water security, which are treated as valuable natural capital.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) partnered with IBCA to bring nature-positive financing into Indian wildlife conservation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment & Conservation, GS3: Economics of Animal-Rearing

News Item

India recently participated in a joint Russia-India roundtable in Moscow to discuss the study and conservation of the endangered Snow Leopard. Highlighting its advanced science-based initiatives, India showcased its progress in population estimation, radio telemetry, and genetic analysis of this elusive big cat to foster global collaboration.

Background

The Snow Leopard (*Panthera uncia*), often called the 'Ghost of the Mountains', is an apex predator found in the rugged alpine regions of Central and South Asia, including the Himalayas. It plays a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of these high-altitude habitats. Recognizing the transboundary nature of this species, the Moscow roundtable was organized under a strategic partnership between the Russian interregional association 'Irbis' and the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA). The Indian delegation, comprising officials from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), emphasized that traditional conservation is no longer enough. Modern scientific tools like DNA analysis and satellite radio-collaring are now essential to track their movement, understand their genetics, and protect them from climate change and poaching.

Prelims Facts

• The Snow Leopard is listed as 'Vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
• Ladakh holds the distinction of having the highest population of snow leopards in India, followed by Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
• The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), headquartered in India, aims to protect the world's seven major big cat species.
• The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, based in Dehradun.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment)

News Item

India has officially launched its first-ever comprehensive "Guide to Grasslands and Other Open Natural Ecosystems" during the 17th Conference of Parties (COP17) to the UNCCD in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This landmark document aims to recognize, protect, and sustainably manage India's often neglected open ecosystems like savannas, deserts, and grasslands.

Background

Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs) encompass grasslands, savannas, deserts, and rocky outcrops. Historically, colonial and post-colonial land policies often misclassified these incredibly rich ecosystems as unproductive "wastelands", leading to their degradation through afforestation drives or industrial diversion. However, ONEs are ecologically vital. They act as massive, drought-resistant carbon sinks, support unique biodiversity (such as the Great Indian Bustard, Asiatic Lion, and Indian Wolf), and sustain the livelihoods of millions of pastoralist communities. The launch of this guide at UNCCD COP17 is significant. Established in 1994, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. Bringing ONEs into the mainstream policy framework marks a major shift towards science-based conservation that goes beyond just protecting dense forests.

Prelims Facts

• India launched its first-ever 'Guide to Grasslands and Other Open Natural Ecosystems' at the 17th Session of the UNCCD COP (COP17) held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
• Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs) include savannas, deserts, rocky outcrops, and grasslands, which provide vital carbon sequestration and support pastoral livelihoods.
• The UNCCD (originating from the 1992 Earth Summit) is the only international, legally binding framework set up to address the problem of desertification.
• Important Indian grasslands include the Banni in Gujarat, Shola in the Western Ghats, and alpine Bugyals in Uttarakhand.
• Historically, extensive tracts of ONEs in India have been erroneously classified as "wastelands" in government land records.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation)

News Item

Over 50,000 saplings were recently planted across India on the festive occasion of Hariyali Amavasya. Organised by the Vriksh Mitra Parivar and led by Union Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, this massive green drive gave a major boost to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ (A Tree in the Name of Mother) initiative.

Background

Climate change and environmental degradation directly threaten our agriculture, soil health, and water availability. To combat this, PM Modi launched the 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' (Plant4Mother) campaign on World Environment Day (June 5, 2024), urging citizens to plant a tree as a tribute to their mothers and Mother Earth. Aligning with this, the recent plantation drive was purposefully held on Hariyali Amavasya, a traditional monsoon festival deeply rooted in Indian culture that celebrates the arrival of rains, agricultural prosperity, and gratitude towards nature. The government is also encouraging local Panchayats and urban bodies to designate specific areas (Smriti Vana) to protect these saplings long-term.

Prelims Facts

• The 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign was launched by the Prime Minister on World Environment Day (June 5, 2024).
• The massive plantation drive featuring 50,000 saplings was led by the Vriksh Mitra Parivar alongside the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• Hariyali Amavasya falls in the monsoon month of Shravan and is culturally significant for promoting tree plantation and agriculture in North India.
• The core philosophy of the campaign highlights the direct interlinkage between environmental sustainability, soil health, and long-term agricultural success.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Conservation, GS1: Indian Culture

News Item

On the occasion of World Elephant Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted India’s remarkable success in elephant conservation, stating that the country is now home to over 60% of the global wild Asian elephant population. He praised the efforts of forest staff, local communities, and scientists in protecting this vital part of India's ecological heritage.

Background

World Elephant Day is celebrated globally on August 12 to raise awareness about the critical threats facing elephants, such as poaching for ivory, habitat loss, and human-elephant conflict. To ensure the long-term survival of this majestic species, the Indian government launched Project Elephant in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Furthermore, recognizing its deep cultural and ecological significance, the elephant was declared India's National Heritage Animal in 2010. Today, India has successfully established 33 Elephant Reserves across the country, providing expansive and secure habitats that are essential for the survival and free movement of these gentle giants.

Prelims Facts

• World Elephant Day is observed every year on August 12.
• India is home to over 60% of the world's wild Asian elephant population.
• The country currently has a total of 33 Elephant Reserves.
• The Asian Elephant is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
• The Indian government launched Project Elephant in 1992 to protect the species and its habitat.
• The elephant was designated as the National Heritage Animal of India in the year 2010.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Conservation, GS3: Biodiversity

News Item

On the occasion of World Lion Day (August 10), the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change announced a remarkable conservation success: India's Asiatic Lion population has surged to 891 in 2025, up from just 523 in 2015. This majestic species' habitat has also expanded significantly to cover nearly 35,000 square kilometres in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat.

Background

The Asiatic Lion (*Panthera leo persica*) once roamed across the Middle East and large parts of northern and central India. However, due to rampant hunting and habitat loss during the colonial era, they were pushed to the brink of extinction. Today, their last remaining wild refuge on Earth is the Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat. To secure their long-term survival, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Project Lion on August 15, 2020. This comprehensive initiative goes beyond just counting lions; it focuses on a "landscape-level" approach, which includes modern disease surveillance, veterinary support, and active community participation to ensure humans and lions can peacefully coexist.

Prelims Facts

• World Lion Day is observed globally on August 10 every year to raise awareness about lion conservation.
• The Asiatic Lion population in India has officially increased from 523 in 2015 to 891 in 2025.
• The natural wild population of Asiatic lions is currently found only in the Gir Forest landscape of Gujarat, India.
• The IUCN Red List classifies the Asiatic Lion as an Endangered species.
• Project Lion was formally launched in 2020 to ensure the long-term conservation of the species through habitat expansion, disease management, and community participation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Conservation, GS3: Biodiversity

News Item

Indian scientists have made a surprising discovery of an unusually thick and high-concentration ozone layer over the North Bay of Bengal. Found at a lower-than-normal altitude of 21-23 km, this discovery helps experts understand how dynamic wind patterns and air mass compressions transport ozone through the Earth's stratosphere.

Background

The Ozone layer acts as Earth's natural sunscreen, absorbing harmful Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. It is primarily located in the Stratosphere, normally reaching its maximum density at an altitude of 25-30 km. The recent discovery was made under the NETRAD-ASMA campaign, a nationwide scientific initiative. By using high-tech tools like the indigenous Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) Radar at ARIES (Nainital), weather balloons, and INSAT-3DR satellites, researchers found that this unusual accumulation wasn't caused by sunlight (photochemical reactions) but by complex downward air movements and wind transport in the lower stratosphere.

Prelims Facts

• Scientists discovered an unusually thick ozone layer at an altitude of 21-23 km over the North Bay of Bengal.
• Normally, the ozone layer reaches its peak concentration at a higher altitude of 25-30 km in the stratosphere.
• The discovery was made under the NETRAD-ASMA campaign, utilizing the indigenous Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) Radar at ARIES, Nainital.
• The primary cause of this unusual phenomenon was identified as atmospheric wind transport and air mass compression, rather than solar photochemical processes.
• The thickness of the ozone layer is conventionally measured in Dobson Units (DU).

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, GS1: Physical Geography

News Item

To protect one of Asia's most elusive wild cats, India has launched a dedicated Conservation Action Plan (CAP) for the Clouded Leopard. The plan focuses on securing habitats, restoring forest connectivity, and empowering local communities across Northeast India.

Background

Clouded Leopards are highly secretive and arboreal wild cats primarily found in the dense forests of the Himalayan foothills and Northeast India. Despite their name, they are not closely related to true leopards but represent an evolutionary link between big cats and small cats. Habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and poaching have severely threatened their population in recent years. The new framework incorporates climate resilience and adaptive management to secure their long-term survival in the wild.

Prelims Facts

• 14 priority conservation landscapes have been identified across Northeast India under the newly launched Action Plan.
• International Clouded Leopard Day is observed annually on August 4 to raise global awareness about the species.
• The plan emphasises a landscape-scale habitat restoration strategy to strengthen biological corridors between fragmented forest habitats.
• India's Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram is renowned for hosting one of the highest densities of Clouded Leopards in Southeast Asia.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment

News Item

India has designated the pristine Glaw Lake in Arunachal Pradesh as its 101st Ramsar Site. This marks a historic milestone as it is the very first wetland in the state to receive this prestigious international tag for wetland conservation.

Background

A Ramsar Site is a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental environmental treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO, which came into force in 1975. The convention provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation of wetlands. Glaw Lake is a natural freshwater lake nestled within the Kamlang Tiger Reserve in the Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh. The reserve, named after the Kamlang River, is a vital biodiversity hotspot in the Eastern Himalayas, bridging the geographical gap between Namdapha National Park to its south and various other sanctuaries.

Prelims Facts

• Glaw Lake is a pristine freshwater lake located in the Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh.
• With this addition, India's tally of Ramsar Sites has increased from 26 in 2014 to 101 in 2026.
• It is the first-ever Ramsar Site in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
• The lake area and its catchment host a high degree of biodiversity, recording over 150 tree species and 49 orchid species.
• The Ramsar Convention was signed on February 2, 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar, located on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment

News Item

The Union Cabinet has approved the Pradhan Mantri Surya Sarovar Yojana (PM-SSY) with an outlay of ₹5,070 crore. The scheme aims to develop 5,000 MW of floating solar projects equipped with energy storage systems over the next five years, smartly utilizing existing water bodies without needing any extra land.

Background

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) technology involves mounting solar panels on structures that float on water bodies like reservoirs, lakes, and canals. This innovative approach solves two major problems: it saves valuable land for agriculture or habitation, and it reduces water evaporation from reservoirs. Additionally, the cooling effect of the water keeps the solar panels at an optimal temperature, thereby improving their overall electricity generation efficiency. India's push for FSPV aligns with its larger 'Panchamrit' climate commitment, which includes achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030. Integrating these with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) ensures that the generated power remains available even after sunset, ensuring grid stability.

Prelims Facts

• The total financial outlay for the PM-SSY scheme is ₹5,070 crore.
• The operational duration of the scheme is set for five years.
• Floating solar panels naturally operate at a cooler temperature than land-based panels, which can boost their power generation efficiency by up to 10%.
• A standout feature of this scheme is that it requires zero additional land acquisition.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Ecology | GS3: Infrastructure (Energy)

News Item

India has been ranked a dismal 176th out of 177 countries in the latest Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2026, prepared by Yale University. While India performed poorly in crucial areas like air quality and biodiversity, the Indian government has historically rejected the index, citing unscientific methodology and flawed assumptions.

Background

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a biennial (every two years) global report developed by the Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy in collaboration with the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University. Started in 2002, the index evaluates countries on environmental health, ecosystem vitality, and climate change mitigation. Over the years, developing nations like India have criticized the EPI because its metrics often ignore historical greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries and prioritize per-capita emission metrics that disproportionately favor wealthier, less populous nations.

Prelims Facts

• Estonia secured the 1st rank globally in the EPI 2026 with a score of 74.79.
• India ranked 176th out of 177 countries (score of 22.46), making it the second-lowest ranked country just above Laos.
• In the South Asian region, India ranked 7th among 8 countries.
• India's weakest performance was recorded in the Environmental Health, Air Quality, and Biodiversity parameters (ranked 174th).
• India showed relatively better performance in Climate Change (130th) and Waste Management and Sanitation (141st).

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Ecology | GS3: Conservation and Pollution

News Item

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has released over ₹24 lakh to farmers, research institutions, and State Biodiversity Boards. This payment was made under the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) framework to reward stakeholders who conserve biological resources that are later used for commercial purposes.

Background

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was enacted by India to meet the obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Act established a three-tier structure: the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) at the national level, State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) at the state level, and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at the local level. A key principle of this framework is Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), which originates from the Nagoya Protocol. ABS ensures that local communities and traditional knowledge holders receive a fair share of the profits when commercial companies use their biological resources (like medicinal plants or indigenous seeds) for making drugs, cosmetics, or new crop varieties.

Prelims Facts

• The NBA recently released ₹24 lakh as Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) payments to various conservation stakeholders.
• The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 established a three-tier regulatory system: NBA (National), SBBs (State), and BMCs (Local).
• The concept of ABS is internationally governed by the Nagoya Protocol (adopted in 2010), which is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The NBA is a statutory body headquartered in Chennai.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Ecology | GS3: Conservation

News Item

International Tiger Day is being observed globally to raise awareness about tiger conservation and habitat protection. Driven by strong institutional support and community participation, India has emerged as a global leader, now hosting nearly 70% of the world's wild tiger population (out of approximately 5,711 globally).

Background

International Tiger Day was established in 2010 during the Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit in Russia, where 13 tiger-range countries adopted the Tx2 goal to double the wild tiger population by 2022. To provide a robust foundation for tiger protection in India, the government launched Project Tiger in 1973 and established the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) as a statutory body under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Prelims Facts

• International Tiger Day is observed annually on 29 July.
• The global wild tiger population is currently estimated at 5,711, marking a 78% increase since 2010.
• India is home to nearly 70% of the world’s wild tigers.
• The scientific name of the tiger is *Panthera tigris*, and it is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
• Project Tiger, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, was launched in 1973.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment & Conservation

News Item

On World Nature Conservation Day, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla appealed to citizens to unite for a greener and sustainable future. He emphasized that conserving nature goes beyond saving wildlife; it fundamentally means protecting our forests, rivers, and clean air for upcoming generations.

Background

World Nature Conservation Day is observed globally on July 28 every year to raise awareness about preserving natural resources and protecting the environment from exploitation. India plays a critical role in global conservation efforts. Despite occupying only about 2.4% of the world’s land area, India is classified as one of the 17 'megadiverse' countries in the world and is home to nearly 8% of the world’s recorded biodiversity. A healthy environment is a prerequisite for a stable, productive society and sustainable development.

Prelims Facts

• India is home to more than 70% of the world’s wild tigers.
• India hosts the largest population of Asian elephants globally.
• The Gir National Park in Gujarat is the only place in the world where the wild population of Asiatic lions is found.
• India also boasts the largest population of the Great One-horned Rhinoceroses, which are primarily conserved in Assam's Kaziranga National Park.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment & Conservation

News Item

In the 136th episode of 'Mann Ki Baat', Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the nation, highlighting India's self-reliance in defense on Kargil Vijay Diwas, alongside key milestones in space technology (Vikram-1). He strongly encouraged citizens to participate in water conservation and tree plantation drives while praising grassroots efforts to revive traditional arts like Kashmir's Wagu mat and Tripura's Chongpreng music.

Background

'Mann Ki Baat' is a monthly radio broadcast launched in 2014 to foster a direct dialogue between the Prime Minister and citizens, focusing on non-political, grassroots issues. This specific episode coincided with the 27th anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas (July 26), which commemorates India's victory in the 1999 Kargil War under Operation Vijay. The address reflects a multi-pronged governance approach—integrating national security (Atmanirbhar Bharat in defense) with sustainable development (SDG 6: Clean Water, SDG 13: Climate Action) and the promotion of India's soft power through local cultural heritage (Vocal for Local).

Prelims Facts

• Defense Indigenization: INS Mahendragiri (the last of the Project 17A stealth frigates) was inducted into the Navy, featuring over 75% indigenous content.
• Missile Technology: DRDO successfully tested the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket and the Kusha missile (India's indigenous long-range air defense system). BrahMos and Astra missiles are being exported to Indonesia.
• Space Milestone: Vikram-1, India’s first privately developed rocket (by Skyroot Aerospace), saw a successful launch, highlighting the positive impact of opening the space sector to private players.
• Water Conservation: The 'Catch The Rain' campaign (launched July 4) is driving groundwater recharge. E.g., 'Amrit Sarovars' in Narsinghpur (MP).
• Environment: The Indian Grey Hornbill (a vital seed disperser known as the "farmer of the forest") has returned to Gujarat's Gir forests after 60 years.
• Waste to Wealth: Sitamarhi in Bihar is successfully recycling single-use plastic to manufacture eco-friendly public benches.
• National Handloom Day: Celebrated on August 7 (commemorating the Swadeshi Movement of 1905). Khadi sales have surged to ₹8,000 crore.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Prime Minister's focus on grassroots innovations—from waste recycling in Bihar to reviving traditional arts in Kashmir and Tripura—underscores a decentralized model of growth. When coupled with high-tech achievements in defense and space, it reflects a comprehensive vision for a self-reliant India that values both ecological sustainability and deep-rooted cultural heritage.

GS Mapping

GS2: Governance | GS3: Defence, Science & Technology, Environment | GS1: Art & Culture

News Item

A widespread outbreak of a severe stomach infection called Cyclosporiasis has affected over 1,500 people in the United States. It is a type of food poisoning caused by a microscopic parasite found in contaminated food or water.

Background

Foodborne illnesses pose a major challenge to global health and food safety. This particular infection occurs when people consume fresh produce (like leafy greens, spinach, or berries) that has been contaminated with infected feces. Unlike common colds, this disease does not spread directly from person to person through coughing or touching, but rather through agricultural and sanitation failures in the food supply chain.

Prelims Facts

• The disease is caused by the Cyclospora cayetanensis parasite, not a virus or bacteria.
• It is primarily transmitted through the faeco-oral route via contaminated food (like fresh produce) and water.
• The infection does not spread directly from person to person.
• Major symptoms include prolonged watery diarrhea, bloating, and fatigue, which typically begin about a week after exposure.
• Testing is challenging and involves Stool PCR tests to identify the parasite's DNA.
• The primary treatment recommended by health authorities is the antibiotic Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Outbreaks of foodborne parasitic infections highlight the critical vulnerabilities in global agricultural supply chains. It underscores the urgent need for strict food safety protocols, rigorous water quality monitoring in farming, and advanced genomic surveillance to quickly trace and contain contaminated produce before it causes widespread public health crises.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

Scientists from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP) have identified approximately 24-million-year-old fossil leaves resembling modern kewda in the Tikak Parbat Formation of Assam’s Makum Coalfield. The discovery indicates that the ancient plant lineage survived in the Indian subcontinent even as global cooling restricted its distribution to tropical regions.

Prelims Facts

• The kewda-like fossil leaves are approximately 24 million years old.
• They were recovered from the Tikak Parbat Formation of the Makum Coalfield in Assam.
• The research was conducted by scientists from BSIP, Lucknow.
• BSIP is an autonomous institution under the Department of Science and Technology.
• Kewda belongs to the Pandanaceae family.
• Distinctive fossil features include sword-shaped leaves, parallel venation and marginal spines.
• Pandanus is presently concentrated mainly in tropical and subtropical regions.
• Fossil evidence indicates that members of this plant group were formerly more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Global cooling around 34 million years ago contributed to the contraction of many tropical plant lineages towards warmer regions.
• The study was published in the journal Geobios.

GS Mapping

GS1: Physical geography and palaeoclimate; GS3: Biodiversity, evolution, palaeobotany and climate-change studies.

News Item

A massive tree-planting campaign was conducted across India, with major drives in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and New Delhi. Uttar Pradesh launched a State-wide Vriksharopan Maha Yagya from Gorakhpur and reported planting over 35.27 crore saplings in a single day under the theme “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam.”

Prelims Facts

• A massive tree-planting campaign was conducted across India.
• Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath launched the Vriksharopan Maha Yagya from Gorakhpur.
• He planted the sacred Triveni of Neem, Peepal and Banyan near the Link Expressway.
• Uttar Pradesh planted over 35.27 crore saplings in a single day.
• The plantation exceeded the State target of 35 crore by 27.89 lakh saplings.
• Uttar Pradesh Governor Anandiben Patel planted a white sandalwood sapling at Jan Bhawan.
• The campaign was carried out across all 18 divisions and 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh.
• Uttar Pradesh’s cumulative plantation for the year stood at 40.29 crore saplings.
• The Forest Department completed the largest target of 15.50 crore saplings.
• Home Minister Amit Shah launched a plantation drive in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, with over 1.25 crore saplings planted across his Lok Sabha constituency.
• Gandhinagar’s green cover target is 20% by 2029.
• Madhya Pradesh launched a plantation drive in Indore, targeting 21 lakh saplings and 51,000 rainwater harvesting units.
• India has set a target of achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2070.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment, Climate Change, Biodiversity, Sustainable Development; GS2: Governance and Public Participation

News Item

A team of scientists has identified and genetically characterised Parrot Bornavirus-4 (PaBV-4) in India for the first time. The virus was found among captive psittacine birds and is linked to Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), a largely fatal viral disease affecting the digestive and nervous systems of birds.

Prelims Facts

• PaBV-4 has been identified and genetically characterised in India for the first time.
• The study was led by Pankaj Deka and Sangeeta Das of the Assam Veterinary and Fisheries University, Guwahati.
• The study was published in Scientific Reports.
• Researchers tested 83 psittacine birds from 13 species in aviaries in Assam, Karnataka and West Bengal.
• The study period was 2020-2024.
• Bird species included African grey parrot, ochre-marked parakeet, yellow-collared macaw, eastern rosella, blue-crowned hanging parrot, rainbow lorikeet and scarlet-chested parrot.
• The birds were divided into three groups: birds with clinical signs of PDD, healthy cage mates of suspected cases and birds that had died of suspected PDD.
• Infection was detected in almost 88% of dead birds and 19% of apparently healthy cage mates.
• Researchers found no patterns linking genetic clusters to host species, geography or time.
• The findings highlight risks to conservation programmes based on breeding captive birds.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Biotechnology, Animal Health, Biodiversity Conservation

News Item

The governing body of National CAMPA approved four new conservation projects for river dolphins, snow leopards, wild water buffalo and Indian rhinoceroses. The new scheme has an initial corpus of ₹3,000 crore over five years.

Prelims Facts

• The governing body of National CAMPA approved four new conservation projects.
• The species covered are river dolphins, snow leopards, wild water buffalo and Indian rhinoceroses.
• The new scheme has an initial corpus of ₹3,000 crore over five years.
• The river dolphin project includes studies on conservation and recovery action plan.
• Project Snow Leopard Phase-II includes the second cycle of population estimation.
• A conservation action plan has been approved for the Indian Rhinoceros.
• A pan-India conservation approach has been approved for the wild water buffalo.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity Conservation, Wildlife Protection, Environment Governance

News Item

Adani Enterprises Ltd. (AEL) has entered into a long-term agreement with French clean-technology company Dioxcycle to develop and scale low-carbon chemical production in India. The initiative will begin with a pilot facility at an Adani Group site to produce formic acid using captured carbon dioxide and renewable electricity.

Prelims Facts

• Adani Enterprises Ltd. (AEL) has signed a long-term agreement with Dioxcycle.
• Dioxcycle is a French clean-technology company specialising in chemical manufacturing.
• The project aims to develop and scale low-carbon chemical production in India.
• The first pilot facility will be set up at an Adani Group site.
• The pilot will produce formic acid using captured carbon dioxide and renewable electricity.
• Formic acid and its derivatives are used in textiles, agriculture and manufacturing.
• The tie-up combines Dioxcycle’s electrochemical manufacturing technology with Adani Group’s clean-energy and infrastructure capabilities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy, Industrial Development, Clean Technology, Climate Change Mitigation

News Item

A Ground Zero report highlighted uncertainty over the proposed Parandur greenfield airport project in Tamil Nadu. The project, planned as a second airport for Chennai, has reportedly been put on hold without an official announcement, leaving protesting residents of Ekanapuram relieved but residents of other affected villages uncertain about their land and future.

Background

The Parandur airport project was announced in 2022 as a major greenfield airport to supplement Chennai’s existing airport. Ekanapuram village strongly opposed the project because large parts of the village, including agricultural lands, wetlands and residential areas, were expected to be affected by the proposed runways. While land acquisition reportedly began in surrounding villages in July 2025, Ekanapuram was avoided due to strong resistance. Residents of villages where land has already been acquired now fear that if the project is dropped, their livelihood and land rights may remain unresolved.

Prelims Facts

• The Parandur airport project is a proposed greenfield airport project in Tamil Nadu.
• It was planned as a second airport for Chennai.
• The project was announced in 2022.
• Ekanapuram is one of the key villages opposing the project.
• The report states that the project has been put on hold, but without an official announcement.
• Residents of Ekanapuram feared displacement, loss of agricultural land and impact on wetlands and water bodies.
• Land acquisition reportedly began in surrounding villages in July 2025.
• Ekanapuram was avoided during acquisition due to strong local resistance.
• Residents of other villages where land has been acquired remain uncertain about return of land, compensation and future livelihood.
• Aviation and industry experts argue that Chennai needs additional airport capacity for long-term growth.
• Environmental and social concerns include wetlands, drainage, water bodies, agricultural land, compensation and rehabilitation.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Parandur airport debate reflects a classic governance challenge: how to build future-ready infrastructure without weakening local rights and ecological security. Chennai’s long-term aviation needs are real, but infrastructure planning must include transparent communication, credible environmental studies, fair compensation, livelihood restoration and timely clarity for affected people. A project cannot remain indefinitely uncertain after land acquisition begins, because such uncertainty freezes village life, property decisions and economic planning.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, Urbanisation, Transport, Environment; GS2: Governance, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, Public Consultation

News Item

The tiger population in Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam increased from 3 tigers in the 2022 All India Tiger Estimation to 12 tigers by end-2025, as validated by the Wildlife Institute of India. The recovery also includes the return of tigers to Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary after more than two decades.

Background

Nameri Tiger Reserve is one of Assam’s four tiger reserves, along with Kaziranga, Manas and Orang. It lies in north-central Assam and shares a boundary with Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, making it part of a wider Assam-Arunachal tiger conservation landscape.

Prelims Facts

• Nameri Tiger Reserve is located in Assam.
• Nameri’s area mentioned in the report is 344 sq km.
• Nameri shares a boundary with Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Assam has four tiger reserves: Nameri, Kaziranga, Manas and Orang.
• Kaziranga and Manas are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
• Nameri’s tiger population increased from 3 in the 2022 AITE to 12 by end-2025.
• The 2025-end estimate was validated by the Wildlife Institute of India.
• Tigers returned to Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary after more than two decades.
• Sonai Rupai had seen local extinction of tigers in the early 2000s.
• Kaziranga is noted for one of the highest tiger densities in India.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Nameri’s recovery is a positive sign for landscape-level tiger conservation in Northeast India. It shows that scientific monitoring, habitat protection and connected reserves can help revive tiger populations. However, long-term success will depend on securing corridors, preventing poaching, managing human-wildlife conflict, maintaining prey base and coordinating conservation across Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity Conservation, Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservation, Environment

News Item

A banyan tree in Munger, Bihar has been scientifically dated to around 700 years using radiocarbon dating. The finding identifies it as the oldest accurately dated banyan tree, based on scientific evidence rather than folklore or local traditions.

Prelims Facts

• The banyan tree is located in Munger, Bihar.
• Its estimated age is around 700 years.
• The species identified is Ficus benghalensis.
• The study used radiocarbon dating with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
• The research was led by Dr. Trina Bose of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences.
• The study was published in Quaternary Research.
• The finding suggests that the tree may be a surviving remnant of an older natural forest in the area.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Biodiversity Conservation; GS1: Culture and Heritage