Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

Ukrainian drone strikes hit southern Russian oil refineries and the Port of Taganrog on the Azov Sea, leading authorities to declare an emergency and evacuate some residents. Russia’s Defence Ministry said it downed more than 370 Ukrainian drones, while Ukraine’s army chief Oleksandr Syrskyi said the war is still far from a decisive turning point.

Prelims Facts

• Ukrainian drone strikes hit southern Russian oil refineries and the Port of Taganrog.
• The Port of Taganrog is located on the Azov Sea.
• Russian authorities declared an emergency and evacuated some residents after the strikes.
• Russia’s Defence Ministry said it downed more than 370 Ukrainian drones.
• Drones caused a fire at the Ilsky oil refinery in Russia’s Krasnodar region.
• Russian President Vladimir Putin acknowledged that strikes were causing fuel shortages.
• Ukraine’s army chief Oleksandr Syrskyi said the war was still far from a decisive turning point.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, Russia-Ukraine War; GS3: Defence Technology, Energy Security

News Item

A Ground Zero report highlighted uncertainty over the proposed Parandur greenfield airport project in Tamil Nadu. The project, planned as a second airport for Chennai, has reportedly been put on hold without an official announcement, leaving protesting residents of Ekanapuram relieved but residents of other affected villages uncertain about their land and future.

Background

The Parandur airport project was announced in 2022 as a major greenfield airport to supplement Chennai’s existing airport. Ekanapuram village strongly opposed the project because large parts of the village, including agricultural lands, wetlands and residential areas, were expected to be affected by the proposed runways. While land acquisition reportedly began in surrounding villages in July 2025, Ekanapuram was avoided due to strong resistance. Residents of villages where land has already been acquired now fear that if the project is dropped, their livelihood and land rights may remain unresolved.

Prelims Facts

• The Parandur airport project is a proposed greenfield airport project in Tamil Nadu.
• It was planned as a second airport for Chennai.
• The project was announced in 2022.
• Ekanapuram is one of the key villages opposing the project.
• The report states that the project has been put on hold, but without an official announcement.
• Residents of Ekanapuram feared displacement, loss of agricultural land and impact on wetlands and water bodies.
• Land acquisition reportedly began in surrounding villages in July 2025.
• Ekanapuram was avoided during acquisition due to strong local resistance.
• Residents of other villages where land has been acquired remain uncertain about return of land, compensation and future livelihood.
• Aviation and industry experts argue that Chennai needs additional airport capacity for long-term growth.
• Environmental and social concerns include wetlands, drainage, water bodies, agricultural land, compensation and rehabilitation.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Parandur airport debate reflects a classic governance challenge: how to build future-ready infrastructure without weakening local rights and ecological security. Chennai’s long-term aviation needs are real, but infrastructure planning must include transparent communication, credible environmental studies, fair compensation, livelihood restoration and timely clarity for affected people. A project cannot remain indefinitely uncertain after land acquisition begins, because such uncertainty freezes village life, property decisions and economic planning.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, Urbanisation, Transport, Environment; GS2: Governance, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, Public Consultation

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid an official visit to Auckland, New Zealand, on 10-11 July 2026, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to New Zealand in 40 years. He held talks with New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon at Government House, Auckland, and both sides elevated India-New Zealand relations to a Strategic Partnership.

Background

The visit was the final leg of PM Modi’s three-country tour covering Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. In Auckland, the Prime Minister received a traditional Māori welcome, inspected a Guard of Honour, addressed business leaders and the Indian community, and reviewed cooperation across trade, defence, maritime security, education, agriculture, dairy, tourism, culture, sports and technology.

Prelims Facts

• PM Narendra Modi visited Auckland, New Zealand on 10-11 July 2026.
• It was the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to New Zealand in 40 years.
• PM Modi met New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon at Government House, Auckland.
• India and New Zealand elevated ties to a Strategic Partnership.
• Both sides endorsed the India-New Zealand Strategic Partnership: Roadmap to 2030.
• The two sides welcomed the conclusion and signature of the India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.
• Both sides set a target to double bilateral trade to NZ$7 billion / ₹35,000 crore by 2030.
• A Maritime Cooperation Arrangement was signed between India’s Ministry of Defence and the New Zealand Defence Force.
• An arrangement on Hydrography and Nautical Cartography was signed.
• A Mutual Logistics Support Arrangement was signed between the Indian Navy and the New Zealand Defence Force.
• A Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism was established.
• India’s NDMA and New Zealand’s National Emergency Management Agency signed cooperation on disaster risk management.
• Cooperation was agreed in Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• A Tourism MoA was signed to increase tourist flow and cultural understanding.
• India-New Zealand Joint Action Plan on Sport was signed.
• Cooperation was agreed between NMHC Lothal and the New Zealand Maritime Museum.
• An Arrangement on Cultural Cooperation was signed.
• New Zealand nominated Maritime Security as its priority pillar under IPOI.
• New Zealand joined the Global Biofuels Alliance.
• A Kiwifruit Action Plan was launched with two Centres of Excellence in Nagaland and Uttarakhand.
• NCPOR Goa and University of Canterbury signed an MoU for Antarctic research cooperation.
• NIFTEM-Kundli and Massey University signed an MoU on food technology, research, academic exchange and student mobility.
• Important places in news: Auckland, Government House, Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Goa, Kundli, Lothal, and the New Zealand Maritime Museum.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• PM Modi’s New Zealand visit marks a significant upgrade in India’s Indo-Pacific outreach. The relationship now has a strategic structure through the Roadmap to 2030, a trade target backed by the FTA, and stronger maritime and defence mechanisms. New Zealand’s joining of the IPOI maritime security pillar and Global Biofuels Alliance connects the partnership with India’s wider Indo-Pacific and clean-energy diplomacy. The visit also adds practical cooperation in agriculture, dairy, disaster management, Antarctic research, food technology, sports, culture and tourism, making the partnership broad-based rather than limited to trade or diaspora.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-New Zealand Relations, Indo-Pacific, Diaspora, Strategic Partnership, Multilateral Cooperation; GS3: Maritime Security, Trade, Agriculture, Dairy, Biofuels, Disaster Management, Science and Technology

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese jointly released the India-Australia Sports Collaboration Roadmap at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 10 July 2026. The roadmap aims to deepen cooperation in sports training, capacity building, sports science, technology, sports industry, investment, women’s participation and youth exchanges.

Background

Sports are an important bridge between India and Australia, especially through cricket and growing interest in other sports. The roadmap builds on the 2023 Sports Cooperation Agreement and identifies practical areas of collaboration for the next decade, including 2030 Commonwealth Games in Ahmedabad, 2032 Brisbane Olympics and Paralympics, and India’s future Olympic and Paralympic hosting aspirations.

Prelims Facts

• The India-Australia Sports Collaboration Roadmap was jointly released on 10 July 2026.
• It was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
• The roadmap builds on the 2023 Sports Cooperation Agreement.
• The roadmap looks ahead to the 2030 Commonwealth Games in Ahmedabad and the 2032 Olympics and Paralympics in Brisbane.
• It identifies cooperation areas such as capacity building, sports science and technology, major sports events, sports industry and investment, and women’s participation.
• It proposes cooperation in high performance sports centres in India.
• Para sports are recognised as a key priority, including cooperation in para classification, coaching and performance support.
• It promotes coach exchanges and a train-the-trainer approach.
• It proposes physical education exchange programmes between India and Australia.
• It encourages cooperation in yoga and yogasana in Australia.
• The roadmap mentions the India-Australia High Performance Coach Development Programme with the Australian Sports Commission.
• It encourages India-Australia university partnerships in sports science, sports curriculum and research.
• It mentions cooperation between Sport Integrity Australia and India’s NADA in anti-doping capacity-building.
• It encourages exhibition matches and youth events in sports such as kabaddi, kho kho, Australian football, basketball and cricket.
• The first Big Bash League match in India is welcomed for Chennai in December 2026.
• An Australia-funded Sports Industry Summit is proposed in Mumbai in December 2026.
• The roadmap supports increasing India’s exports of high-quality and competitively priced sports goods to Australia.
• It promotes women’s leadership, health, high performance and participation in sports, including bilateral tournaments for women athletes.
• PM Modi visited the Melbourne Cricket Ground with PM Anthony Albanese and Victorian Premier Jacinta Allan.
• Australian sports personalities including Steve Waugh and Lisa Sthalekar attended the event.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The roadmap gives sports a strategic role in India-Australia relations. It moves cooperation beyond symbolic cricket diplomacy to structured work on coaching, para sports, sports science, anti-doping, women’s participation, youth exchanges, sports goods and investment. For India, Australian expertise in high performance systems and major-event management can support preparation for the 2030 Commonwealth Games and future Olympic ambitions. The roadmap also strengthens people-to-people ties, sports industry growth and women-led participation in sport.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-Australia Relations, Sports Governance, Women Empowerment, Cultural Diplomacy; GS3: Sports Industry, Skill Development, Technology, Investment

News Item

A report analysed the Centre’s proposed amendment to the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, which seeks to change Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) foodgrain entitlement from a household-based system to a per-person system. Under the proposal, each AAY beneficiary would get 7 kg of foodgrains per month, subject to a maximum cap of 35 kg per household per month.

Background

At present, AAY households receive 35 kg of foodgrains per household per month, irrespective of family size, while Priority Households (PHH) receive 5 kg per person per month. The Centre argues that the current AAY system creates intra-category inequity because a one-member household and a large household receive the same 35 kg. However, States such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala have opposed the change, arguing that it could reduce entitlements for poor households with fewer members.

Prelims Facts

• The Centre has proposed an amendment to the National Food Security Act, 2013.
• The amendment relates to Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) foodgrain entitlements.
• Current AAY entitlement: 35 kg per household per month.
• Proposed AAY entitlement: 7 kg per person per month, capped at 35 kg per household per month.
• Priority Households under NFSA receive 5 kg per person per month.
• The draft amendment was published by the Union Food and Public Distribution Ministry.
• Public comments were invited till July 11.
• Tamil Nadu and Kerala have opposed the proposed amendment.
• Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin opposed the proposal on June 2, 2026.
• Kerala Food Minister G.R. Anil also expressed reservations.
• The South’s AAY household ceiling was shown at 52.51 lakh, with actual AAY coverage around 49.36 lakh households.
• All-India AAY household ceiling was shown at 250 lakh, with actual coverage around 217.01 lakh households.
• Puducherry follows a Direct Benefit Transfer model and therefore had no foodgrain allocation in the table.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The proposed NFSA revision raises a difficult policy question: should food entitlements be made more rational on a per-person basis, or should the poorest households retain a protective minimum entitlement? The Centre’s argument is based on equity within AAY households, but States such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala fear that smaller poor households, including elderly or vulnerable persons, may face a real reduction in food support. A better approach may require protecting existing vulnerable households, correcting exclusion and inclusion errors, using updated household data and ensuring that food security reforms do not deepen regional disparities.

GS Mapping

GS2: Welfare Schemes, Food Security, Federalism, Social Justice; GS3: Public Distribution System, Poverty, Nutrition Security

News Item

The Income Tax Department has filed an affidavit before the Bombay High Court opposing a plea by a same-sex couple challenging Section 56(2)(x) of the Income Tax Act. The couple sought extension of tax exemption on gifts between spouses to their relationship, but the department argued that same-sex relationships are not recognised as marriage or spousal relationships under Indian marriage laws.

Prelims Facts

• The case is before the Bombay High Court.
• The petition challenges Section 56(2)(x) of the Income Tax Act.
• The issue concerns tax exemption on gifts between spouses.
• The petitioners sought extension of this benefit to a same-sex relationship.
• The Income Tax Department argued that same-sex couples are not recognised as spouses under Indian marriage laws.
• The department said the Income Tax Act cannot define “spouse” contrary to marriage laws.
• The affidavit was filed by Sandeep Dahiya, Principal Commissioner of Income Tax (Judicial).
• The court is yet to pronounce its order.

GS Mapping

GS2: Fundamental Rights, Judiciary, Social Justice; GS3: Taxation and Economy

News Item

Sri Lanka is facing a major dengue outbreak, with cases crossing 65,000 and 45 dengue-related deaths reported. Amid the surge, the University of Colombo decided to move some lectures online, while the University of Moratuwa and the University of the Visual and Performing Arts temporarily closed their campuses.

Prelims Facts

• Sri Lanka reported 65,034 dengue cases in 2026.
• Around 45 dengue-related deaths have been recorded.
• Colombo accounted for about one-fifth of Sri Lanka’s dengue cases.
• Since May 2026, the University of Colombo recorded 71 cases, including students.
• The University of Colombo moved some lectures online to allow students to rest and recover.
• The University of Moratuwa and the University of the Visual and Performing Arts temporarily closed campuses.
• Authorities deployed a military-led team to monitor the outbreak.
• Public health officials linked the current outbreak partly to debris left by Cyclone Ditwah, which hit Sri Lanka in December 2025.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, Public Health Governance; GS3: Disaster Management, Disease Surveillance

News Item

The Central Government has amended the Drugs Rules, 1945 to strengthen regulation of high alcohol-containing drug formulations. The Health Ministry removed the earlier Schedule K exemption from licensing requirements for formulations containing ethyl alcohol above specified limits.

Prelims Facts

• The Centre amended the Drugs Rules, 1945.
• The amendment regulates high alcohol-containing drug formulations.
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare removed the Schedule K exemption from licensing requirements.
• Formulations containing more than 12% v/v ethyl alcohol and quantities exceeding 30 ml will no longer get the exemption.
• Such products must obtain licenses under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
• Earlier, some tinctures and aromatic preparations such as cardamom and ginger tinctures were exempted.
• Some exempted formulations could contain ethyl alcohol concentration up to 80-90% v/v.
• The amendment aims to prevent diversion and misuse for intoxication.
• It will ensure supply through a regulated pharmaceutical supply chain while allowing legitimate therapeutic use.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health Regulation, Governance; GS3: Pharmaceutical Sector, Public Health

News Item

India and New Zealand are celebrating 100 years of sporting ties in 2026. The relationship began in 1926, when the Indian Army Hockey Team became the first Indian sports team to tour New Zealand. Hockey continues to act as a bridge of friendship between the two countries.

Prelims Facts

• India and New Zealand are celebrating 100 years of sporting ties in 2026.
• The sporting relationship began in 1926 through hockey.
• The Indian Army Hockey Team was the first Indian sports team to tour New Zealand.
• Major Dhyan Chand was part of the historic 1926 team.
• The Indian Women’s Hockey Team won the FIH Women’s Nations Cup in Auckland.
• India defeated host New Zealand in the final of the FIH Women’s Nations Cup.
• Former Hockey New Zealand CEO and 1976 Olympic Gold Medallist Ramesh Patel highlighted the importance of sports cooperation.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-New Zealand Relations, People-to-People Ties; Current Affairs: Sports

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi received a warm welcome on his arrival in Auckland, beginning his two-day visit to New Zealand. This is the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to New Zealand in nearly four decades. He was received by New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon.

Prelims Facts

• PM Narendra Modi arrived in Auckland for a two-day visit to New Zealand.
• It is the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to New Zealand in nearly four decades.
• He was received by New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon.
• The Indian community welcomed him with the tricolour and chants of “Kia Ora Modi.”
• Cultural performances included traditions from Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
• The welcome event also featured a fusion of Carnatic and Hindustani classical music.
• A rendition of Vande Mataram was performed.
• PM Modi appreciated the Naad Vocal Ensemble.
• Key areas of expected discussion include trade, investment, education, technology and people-to-people ties.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-New Zealand Relations, Diaspora, Cultural Diplomacy, Bilateral Cooperation

News Item

The World Intangible Investment Report 2026, launched by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Luiss Business School, highlighted India’s rise as a global innovation powerhouse. Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said India recorded the fastest growth in intangible investment among the world’s 15 largest economies, reaching USD 78.2 billion in 2023 with 7.9% growth.

Prelims Facts

• The World Intangible Investment Report 2026 was launched by WIPO and Luiss Business School.
• The report highlights investment in software, R&D, intellectual property, innovation and organisational capabilities.
• India’s intangible investment reached USD 78.2 billion in 2023.
• India recorded 7.9% growth in intangible investment.
• India was reported as having the fastest growth in intangible investment among the world’s 15 largest economies.
• Intangible investment in India grew ahead of tangible investment.
• Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said India is building a knowledge-driven future powered by ideas, innovation and enterprise.
• The report links India’s progress with reforms, digital transformation, startups and a strengthening innovation ecosystem.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy, Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights, Startups, Digital Economy

News Item

Uttarakhand has become India’s sixth fully literate State after meeting the prescribed adult literacy benchmarks under National Education Policy 2020 and the ULLAS – New India Literacy Programme. The declaration was approved by the Governor on 8 July 2026.

Prelims Facts

• Uttarakhand has become India’s sixth fully literate State.
• The declaration was approved by the Governor on 8 July 2026.
• The achievement is linked to NEP 2020 and ULLAS – New India Literacy Programme.
• ULLAS stands for Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
• The literacy standards were laid down by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education.
• Uttarakhand joins Mizoram, Goa, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim on the list of fully literate States.
• Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami called the achievement historic.
• The State government said it will continue promoting digital literacy, financial literacy, continuing education and life skills.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education, Human Resource Development, Social Sector Schemes, Governance

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Australia from 8-10 July 2026 for the 3rd India-Australia Annual Summit in Melbourne with Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese. The visit produced major outcomes in defence, maritime security, civil nuclear energy, critical minerals, cyber and critical technologies, education, sports, traditional knowledge and cultural heritage.

Background

India and Australia completed six years of their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and agreed to deepen cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. Both sides reaffirmed commitment to an ambitious and mutually beneficial Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA), while building on the existing Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA). The leaders also recognised the role of the Indian diaspora, education links and sports as strong people-to-people bridges.

Prelims Facts

• PM Narendra Modi visited Australia from 8-10 July 2026.
• The visit was for the 3rd India-Australia Annual Summit in Melbourne.
• The summit was hosted by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.
• India and Australia completed six years of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
• Both sides agreed to work towards early finalisation of CECA.
• Key outcomes included Joint Declaration on Defence and Security Cooperation and Maritime Security Collaboration Roadmap.
• India and Australia finalised administrative arrangements under civil nuclear cooperation, enabling supply of Australian uranium to India for peaceful purposes under IAEA safeguards.
• PACTS was announced for cyber, critical technologies and supply chains.
• A MoU was concluded between the Indian Coast Guard and Australia’s Maritime Border Command.
• Australia invited an Indian military instructor to the Australian Defence College for 2028-29.
• A Centre of Excellence in Mining Equipment, Technology and Services will be set up at NSTI Bhubaneswar with TAFE Western Australia.
• Flinders University received a Letter of Intent to set up a campus in Bengaluru.
• Victoria University received approval to set up and operate a campus in Gurugram.
• Three Indian artefacts of Tamil Nadu origin will be repatriated: Nandi, Bhadrakali Trident, and six-headed Skanda/Karttikeya.
• A Rooftop Solar Training Academy was operationalised at Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, aiming to train 2,000 women and youth.
• CSIR-TKDL access agreement was signed with IP Australia.
• PM Modi addressed the Indian diaspora at Marvel Stadium, Melbourne.
• PM Modi and PM Albanese visited the Melbourne Cricket Ground and jointly released the India-Australia Roadmap for Sports Collaboration.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• PM Modi’s Australia visit shows that India-Australia ties are now moving beyond diaspora and cricket into a full-spectrum strategic partnership. Defence and maritime outcomes strengthen Indo-Pacific security; PACTS and critical minerals cooperation address technology and supply-chain vulnerabilities; uranium and energy cooperation support India’s energy security; education and skilling outcomes build human capital; and TKDL plus artefact repatriation add cultural and knowledge-diplomacy dimensions. For India’s foreign policy, Australia is now a key partner in balancing economic growth, technology resilience and rules-based regional order.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-Australia Relations, Indo-Pacific, Quad, Diaspora, Cultural Diplomacy; GS3: Defence, Cyber Security, Critical Minerals, Civil Nuclear Energy, Supply Chains, Education and Technology

News Item

A data-based report highlighted that while revenues increasingly accrue to the Union government, fiscally constrained States are carrying a larger share of welfare and social-sector spending. For selected welfare schemes and sectors in 2025-26, combined Union and State allocations were estimated at ₹24.20 lakh crore, equal to 6.77% of GDP.

Background

The report noted that India’s welfare framework earlier moved through rights-based laws, but in the last decade the emphasis has shifted more towards cash transfers. It compared Union and State allocations across sectors such as school education, public health, MGNREGA, social justice, ICDS, PMMVY, PDS and cash transfers.

Prelims Facts

• The report was published as a Data Point on welfare spending.
• Data sources included Union Expenditure Budget 2025-26, 377th Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee, RBI database, Ministry of Education data and 16th Finance Commission reports.
• Combined Union and State allocations for selected welfare schemes/sectors in 2025-26 were estimated at ₹24.20 lakh crore.
• This amounted to 6.77% of GDP.
• Union allocation for selected schemes was ₹6.73 lakh crore, while State allocation was ₹17.46 lakh crore.
• Union share of selected schemes was 1.89% of GDP, while State share was 4.89% of GDP.
• State cash transfers were estimated at ₹3.87 lakh crore in FY 2025-26.
• Union allocation for PM-KISAN was ₹0.64 lakh crore.
• Union allocation for National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) was ₹0.1 lakh crore.
• School education showed one of the largest State spending shares, with States estimated to contribute around 75.2%.
• For school education, Union allocation was shown as ₹0.79 lakh crore, while State allocation was ₹6.83 lakh crore.
• For public health, Union allocation was shown as ₹1 lakh crore, while State allocation was ₹3.93 lakh crore.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The data shows that India’s welfare spending is increasingly State-led. This has two implications. First, States are crucial for actual delivery of education, health, nutrition and social protection. Second, if revenues remain concentrated with the Union, States may struggle to expand welfare without worsening fiscal stress. A stronger social-sector push requires better fiscal transfers, predictable cost-sharing, greater Union commitment and recognition that welfare expenditure is an investment in human development and long-term growth.

GS Mapping

GS2: Welfare Schemes, Cooperative Federalism, Social Justice; GS3: Public Finance, Inclusive Growth, Human Capital

News Item

The Delhi High Court recently laid down principles on the right to be forgotten, holding that the right flows from Article 21 as part of dignity and informational privacy. The ruling came in a batch of over 30 petitions led by Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India, where the court considered whether judicial records should be erased, masked or de-indexed to protect privacy.

Background

The right to be forgotten gained global attention after the 2014 Google Spain case, where the European Court of Justice recognised the right to remove outdated or irrelevant search results. In India, the Supreme Court in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) recognised privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21. Since then, High Courts have taken different approaches on whether names in judgments can be masked or search results de-indexed.

Prelims Facts

• The Delhi High Court recognised the right to be forgotten as part of privacy under Article 21.
• The ruling came in a batch of over 30 consolidated petitions led by Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India.
• The court held that retention of personal data must have a legitimate purpose and must be proportionate.
• The court preferred masking or redaction of names instead of deleting entire judgments.
• The court prescribed a two-week deadline for legal databases to comply.
• The Google Spain case, 2014 laid the global foundation for the right to erase, later reflected in Article 17 of the GDPR.
• In India, K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) recognised privacy as a fundamental right.
• The right to be forgotten often conflicts with Article 19(1)(a), open justice and the public’s right to know.
• The DPDP Act, 2023 provides a limited statutory right to erasure, but does not clearly address judicial records and public archives.
• Effective enforcement requires coordination between courts, legal databases, search engines, social media platforms and data protection institutions.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The right to be forgotten raises a complex constitutional question: how should law protect a person’s privacy and dignity without weakening open justice and free speech? The Delhi High Court’s approach is balanced because it avoids deleting judicial history and instead focuses on proportionate remedies like masking and de-indexing. However, enforcement remains difficult because search engines, legal databases, archives and social media work differently. India needs a clear institutional framework under the DPDP Act, a strong data protection board and judicial guidance from the Supreme Court to make this right practical.

GS Mapping

GS2: Fundamental Rights, Judiciary, Privacy, Free Speech, Data Protection, Governance

News Item

An explainer discussed the “Hummus Trail”, a popular travel circuit in India frequented by young Israeli tourists and military veterans, after the Hind Rajab Foundation (HRF) filed a complaint seeking action against an Israeli soldier vacationing in Himachal Pradesh. The issue raised a legal question: can India act against foreign nationals accused of grave breaches under the Geneva Conventions?

Background

The HRF alleged that the Israeli soldier was involved in war crimes in Gaza in 2024 and submitted social media, geo-located videos and chain-of-command material with its complaint to Indian authorities. The report noted that India is a party to the Geneva Conventions and has enacted the Geneva Conventions Act, 1960, which criminalises grave breaches. However, actual action would depend on investigation, evidence, legal procedure and the decision of Indian authorities.

Prelims Facts

• The issue arose after the Hind Rajab Foundation, a Brussels-based Palestinian rights organisation, filed a complaint in India.
• The complaint sought action against an Israeli soldier vacationing in Himachal Pradesh.
• The HRF alleged involvement in war crimes in Gaza in 2024.
• India is a signatory to the Geneva Conventions.
• India enacted the Geneva Conventions Act, 1960.
• The Act criminalises grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions.
• The Hummus Trail includes Israeli-frequented places such as Kasol, Old Manali, Dharamkot, Goa, Gokarna, Rishikesh, Varanasi, Pushkar, Almora, Kodaikanal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The report mentions that around 80,000 Israelis visit India every year.
• Long post-military trips by Israeli youth are known as Tiyul Gadol.
• In February 2026, the Israeli government reportedly allocated four million NIS to boost tourism collaboration with India.
• The report noted that HRF has initiated similar legal actions in countries such as Brazil, Romania, Peru, Belgium, Canada and Chile.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The Hummus Trail debate shows how tourism, war crimes allegations and international law can intersect. India must ensure that its territory does not become a safe space for impunity, but it must also act only through due process, credible evidence and legally competent procedures. The case highlights the need for clearer domestic mechanisms to handle allegations of grave international crimes, coordination between immigration and law-enforcement agencies, and careful balancing of India’s diplomatic ties with its international humanitarian law obligations.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, International Law, Human Rights, India-Israel Relations; GS3: Internal Security and Transnational Crime

News Item

The latest All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) reports for 2022-23 and 2023-24 show steady growth in India’s higher education sector. Total student enrolment rose to 4.50 crore in 2023-24, marking a 31.5% increase from 3.42 crore in 2014-15, while female enrolment rose by 42.2% during the same period.

Background

The Education Ministry’s survey covered data from 59,533 higher education institutions, with institutional participation above 90%. The reports highlight growth in inclusivity, women’s participation, STEM enrolment and participation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

Prelims Facts

• The report is based on AISHE 2022-23 and 2023-24 data.
• Total higher education enrolment reached 4.50 crore in 2023-24.
• Total enrolment increased by 31.5% from 3.42 crore in 2014-15.
• Female enrolment rose from 1.57 crore in 2014-15 to 2.24 crore in 2023-24.
• Female enrolment increased by 42.2% since 2014-15.
• Overall GER reached 30.0 in 2023-24.
• Female GER rose to 31.2, higher than the national GER.
• Gender Parity Index stood at 1.08 in 2023-24.
• GPI has remained above 1.0 for seven consecutive years.
• SC enrolment rose by 51.4%, reaching 69.72 lakh.
• GER for SC students increased from 18.9 to 27.8.
• ST enrolment rose by 75.7%, reaching 28.83 lakh.
• GER for ST students increased from 13.5 to 22.8.
• OBC student numbers grew by 60.2%, from 1.13 crore to 1.80 crore.
• STEM enrolment increased from 91.5 lakh to 1.02 crore.
• Female share in STEM programmes increased from 38.4% to 44%.
• The data were self-reported by institutions through a web-based portal.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The AISHE data reflects important progress in higher education access, especially for women and marginalised communities. Higher female GER and a GPI above 1 show that women’s participation is now outpacing male participation in many areas. However, India must move beyond enrolment numbers and focus on quality, affordability, research capacity, STEM outcomes, employability and regional equity. Stronger data verification is also needed because AISHE data are self-reported by institutions.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education, Women Empowerment, Social Justice, Human Resource Development; GS3: STEM, Innovation, Skill Development

News Item

According to the International Gas Union’s World LNG Report, India’s LNG regasification capacity reached 52.5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) across eight terminals in 2025, making it the fourth largest regasification market globally after surpassing Spain.

Prelims Facts

• India’s LNG regasification capacity reached 52.5 mtpa across eight terminals in 2025.
• India surpassed Spain to become the fourth largest regasification capacity market globally.
• The data is from the IGU World LNG Report.
• Dahej LNG Terminal has 17.5 mtpa capacity and is India’s largest LNG terminal.
• Dahej ranks as the sixth largest LNG regasification facility globally.
• India commissioned two LNG regasification projects in 2025.
• New onshore terminal: Chhara LNG, with 5 mtpa capacity.
• Expansion project: Dabhol LNG, whose capacity increased from 2.9 mtpa to 5 mtpa.
• Four LNG projects are under construction in India and are expected to add 11.3 mtpa capacity by 2028.
• India’s LNG regasification utilisation fell to about 47% in 2025, down from 58% in 2024.
• Asia led global LNG regasification capacity additions in 2025.
• China and India contributed 15.1 mtpa and 7.1 mtpa, respectively, to global additions.

GS Mapping

GS3: Energy Security, Infrastructure, Natural Gas Economy, Logistics

News Item

DRDO successfully flight-tested the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR) at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha. The rocket was tested for a user-defined minimum range of 60 km and was launched from the in-service Pinaka launcher.

Prelims Facts

• DRDO successfully flight-tested Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR).
• The test was conducted at Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha.
• The rocket was tested for a user-defined minimum range of 60 km.
• The rocket was launched from the in-service Pinaka launcher.
• Pinaka LRGR was designed by Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE).
• High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) was associated with the design.
• Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and Research Centre Imarat (RCI) provided support.
• Defence Minister Rajnath Singh called the test a major milestone in indigenous long-range guided rocket capability.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence Technology, Indigenous Defence Manufacturing, Security

News Item

India’s first six-lane underpass beneath an active runway is being built at the new terminal of Varanasi Airport. Union Civil Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu said that foundation and raft work of the 450-metre underpass is underway.

Prelims Facts

• India’s first six-lane underpass beneath an active runway is coming up at Varanasi Airport.
• The underpass will be about 450 metres long.
• Foundation and raft work of the underpass is currently underway.
• It will enable road traffic to move below while aircraft operate above.
• The project is linked with the new terminal infrastructure at Varanasi Airport.
• Union Civil Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu shared the update.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, Transport, Aviation, Urban Connectivity

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to address the Parliament of Indonesia in Jakarta. He called for a new era in India-Indonesia relations based on civilisational ties, democratic values, maritime links and shared Indo-Pacific priorities.

Prelims Facts

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to address the Indonesian Parliament.
• The address took place in Jakarta.
• PM Modi described India as the “Mother of Democracy.”
• He highlighted over 2,000 years of India-Indonesia civilisational engagement across the Indian Ocean.
• He referred to Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and Indonesia’s motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.
• He linked India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision with Indonesia’s Golden Indonesia 2045 / Indonesia Emas 2045 vision.
• Key cooperation areas mentioned included trade, investment, connectivity, food and energy security, Digital Public Infrastructure and emerging technologies.
• PM Modi reaffirmed India’s commitment to a free, open, inclusive and rules-based Indo-Pacific.

GS Mapping

GS2: India-Indonesia Relations, ASEAN, Act East Policy, Indo-Pacific, Cultural Diplomacy

News Item

Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports (JIM&WS), Pahalgam conducted a 22-member mountaineering expedition to the Mount Khyam Tso Massif in the Rumtse Phu region of Ladakh. The team successfully climbed multiple peaks between 2 July and 5 July 2026, despite adverse weather conditions.

Prelims Facts

• JIM&WS, Pahalgam conducted a 22-member expedition to Mount Khyam Tso Massif.
• The expedition was flagged off by team leader Col Hem Chandra Singh on 26 June 2026.
• The massif is located in the Rumtse Phu region of Ladakh.
• On 2 July 2026, the team made the first ascent of Mount Peak Point 5901 m.
• The team leader made the first paragliding flight from 5600 m from the same peak.
• On 3 July 2026, the team climbed a technically challenging 6090 m peak and Mount Peak Point 5944 m.
• On 5 July 2026, the team climbed Mount Khyam-III, 6018 m.
• The expedition highlighted adventure capability, teamwork and India’s growing presence in lesser-explored mountain ranges of Ladakh.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence Training, Adventure Sports, Border Regions; GS1: Geography of Himalayas and Ladakh

News Item

Three global studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA and The Lancet suggest that finerenone, a drug earlier used mainly for diabetes-related kidney disease, may also help patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) without diabetes. Researchers found that it slowed kidney disease progression, reduced protein leakage in urine and lowered the risk of kidney failure.

Background

Chronic kidney disease gradually reduces the kidney’s ability to filter waste. Diabetes is a leading cause, but CKD can also result from high blood pressure, autoimmune disorders and glomerular diseases. Finerenone is important because it does not directly target diabetes; it blocks inflammation and scarring inside the kidneys, processes common to many kidney diseases.

Prelims Facts

• Three global studies on finerenone were published in NEJM, JAMA and The Lancet.
• Finerenone was earlier used mainly in diabetes-related kidney disease.
• New evidence suggests benefit in CKD patients without diabetes.
• Finerenone blocks inflammation and scarring inside the kidneys.
• Across CKD forms, it slowed disease progression, reduced protein leakage in urine and lowered kidney failure risk.
• FIND-CKD enrolled 1,584 non-diabetic CKD patients.
• A related analysis of over 900 patients with glomerular diseases found about 42% reduction in protein leakage in urine.
• Combined data across 14,574 patients suggested benefits across different causes and stages of kidney disease.
• Main safety concern: hyperkalaemia, or high potassium levels in blood.
• About 17% of finerenone-treated patients developed elevated potassium levels, but severe cases were uncommon.
• Finerenone is already available in India and costs around ₹80-90 per day.
• It may become cheaper after patent protection ends in 2028.
• Routine urine testing for protein leakage can help detect kidney damage early.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Finerenone’s broader benefit suggests a shift from disease-label-based treatment to pathway-based treatment in kidney disease. Instead of treating only diabetes-related CKD, doctors may increasingly target shared biological pathways such as inflammation and scarring. For India, the bigger challenge is early detection: many patients with diabetes or hypertension are treated for years in primary care but reach nephrologists only after advanced kidney damage. Simple urine protein testing at primary-care level can help detect “smoke before fire” and make kidney-protective therapies more effective.

GS Mapping

GS2: Public Health, Primary Healthcare, Non-Communicable Diseases; GS3: Biotechnology, Clinical Research, Health Technology

News Item

Bengaluru-based space start-up GalaxEye said it has lost contact with Mission Drishti, the world’s first OptoSAR satellite, after it encountered an anomaly following a geomagnetic solar storm. The company said recovery efforts are ongoing, but the chances of recovery currently appear low.

Prelims Facts

• GalaxEye is a Bengaluru-based space start-up.
• Mission Drishti is described as the world’s first OptoSAR satellite.
• It is also India’s largest privately developed Earth observation satellite.
• It was launched on 3 May 2026 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Vandenberg, California.
• The satellite combines electro-optical and SAR sensors in one operational platform.
• The anomaly occurred during the final stage of LEOP.
• GalaxEye said radiation effects linked to a geomagnetic solar storm likely impacted a critical onboard system.
• Communication with the spacecraft later became intermittent and was eventually lost.

GS Mapping

GS3: Space Technology, Private Space Sector, Earth Observation, Space Weather

News Item

The Union Education Ministry released the UDISE+ 2025-26 report, showing a decline in school dropout rates across key stages. The preparatory level dropout rate fell from 2.3% to 1.8%, while the secondary level dropout rate declined from 8.2% to 7.0%.

Background

The report also showed improvement in learner progression, teacher strength and school infrastructure. The Gross Enrolment Ratio at secondary level increased from 68.5% to 71.7%, transition from middle to secondary rose from 86.6% to 88.3%, and the total number of teachers increased by 8.3% compared with 2022-23.

Prelims Facts

• The UDISE+ 2025-26 report was released by the Union Education Ministry.
• Preparatory level dropout rate fell from 2.3% in 2024-25 to 1.8% in 2025-26.
• Secondary level dropout rate declined from 8.2% to 7.0%.
• Girls’ enrolment marginally increased to 48.4% from 48.3%.
• Women teachers formed 54.9% of total teachers, up from 54.2%.
• Student retention at middle level rose to 83.7% from 82.8%.
• Secondary level retention increased to 51.9% from 47.2%.
• Secondary level GER increased to 71.7% from 68.5%.
• Transition from middle to secondary increased from 86.6% to 88.3%.
• Teacher strength rose by 8.3% compared with 2022-23.
• Single-teacher schools reduced by 3% and zero-enrolment schools fell by 29%.
• Schools with computer access increased to 69.9%.
• Schools with Internet connectivity increased to 67.4%.
• 95% schools have electricity, 98.5% have girls’ toilets and 97.2% have boys’ toilets.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The UDISE+ 2025-26 data suggests improvement in school participation, retention and infrastructure. However, policy focus must remain on secondary education, where retention is still comparatively low. Better teacher deployment, digital access, sanitation, electricity and early warning systems for at-risk students can help convert enrolment gains into actual learning and completion outcomes.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education, Governance, Human Resource Development, Social Sector Schemes

News Item

Civil Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu congratulated National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) for completing the design phase of the 19-seater Saras MK-II aircraft. He said the aircraft advances the Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision and can support the UDAN goal of connecting remote and high-altitude airfields with Made-in-India aircraft.

Prelims Facts

• NAL has completed the design phase of the 19-seater Saras MK-II.
• Saras MK-II is being developed as an indigenously designed light transport aircraft.
• The development supports the Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision.
• The aircraft is linked with the UDAN vision of improving regional air connectivity.
• It is expected to help connect remote and high-altitude airfields with Made-in-India aircraft.
• Union Civil Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu congratulated NAL for the achievement.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Aviation, Indigenous Manufacturing, Infrastructure

News Item

Australia defeated England by 7 wickets at Lord’s, London, to win the ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026. Chasing England’s 150/4, Australia reached 153/3 in 17.1 overs, with Beth Mooney scoring 64 and Phoebe Litchfield scoring 48.

Background

Australia won the toss and chose to bowl first. England scored 150/4 in 20 overs, with captain Nat Sciver-Brunt making an unbeaten 58 and Freya Kemp scoring 44. Australia completed the chase comfortably and won a record-extending seventh Women’s T20 World Cup title.

Prelims Facts

• Australia defeated England by 7 wickets to win the ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026.
• Venue of the final: Lord’s, London.
• England scored 150/4 in 20 overs.
• Australia scored 153/3 in 17.1 overs.
• Beth Mooney scored 64 runs for Australia.
• Phoebe Litchfield scored 48 runs for Australia.
• England captain Nat Sciver-Brunt scored 58 not out.
• Freya Kemp scored 44 runs for England.
• Player of the Match: Beth Mooney.
• Player of the Tournament / Man of the Series: Beth Mooney.
• Australia won its seventh ICC Women’s T20 World Cup title.
• The first ICC Women’s T20 World Cup was held in 2009 in England.
• Women’s T20 World Cup title count: Australia 7, England 1, West Indies 1, New Zealand 1.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Australia’s win highlights long-term investment, squad depth and consistency in women’s cricket. The tournament also reflects the rising commercial and public interest in women’s sport. For India, such tournaments show the importance of strengthening domestic women’s cricket, talent pathways, sports infrastructure and media visibility.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports Governance, Women Empowerment; GS1: Society and Gender; Current Affairs: Sports

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred the ‘Bintang Adipurna of the Republic of Indonesia’, the highest civilian honour of Indonesia, by President Prabowo Subianto on 7 July 2026. The award recognised his leadership and contribution to strengthening India-Indonesia relations.

Background

During the Prime Minister’s visit to Indonesia, India and Indonesia announced a broad set of outcomes across space, medical product regulation, minerals, agriculture, maritime security, disaster management, telecom, research and innovation, health workforce, elections, defence, steel, rare earth magnets, culture, education and digital commerce. The visit also underlined the civilisational links between the two countries, including India’s assistance for the conservation of the Prambanan Temple Complex in Yogyakarta.

Prelims Facts

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred the Bintang Adipurna of the Republic of Indonesia on 7 July 2026.
• The award was presented by Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto.
• Bintang Adipurna is the highest civilian honour of Indonesia.
• The award recognised the Prime Minister’s contribution to strengthening India-Indonesia relations.
• The Prime Minister dedicated the award to the people of India and Indonesia and to their civilisational ties.
• India and Indonesia extended cooperation on peaceful uses of outer space.
• An MoU was signed between CDSCO and BPOM on medical products regulation.
• Outcomes included cooperation in minerals and steel supply chain technology, agriculture and allied sectors, telecommunications, research and innovation, and health workforce collaboration.
• The two sides extended cooperation on maritime safety and security.
• NDMA and Indonesia’s disaster management agency agreed to cooperate on disaster management.
• Election Commission of India and Indonesia’s KPU signed an MoU.
• Defence outcomes included BrahMos Missile System cooperation and an Air-to-Air Missile Cooperation Agreement.
• Industrial outcomes included a SAIL–PT Krakatau Steel strategic joint venture for a stainless-steel slab manufacturing facility in Indonesia.
• India announced assistance for conservation and restoration of the Prambanan Temple Complex in Yogyakarta.
• Indonesia will deploy a Liaison Officer in IFC-IOR.
• India announced supply of 100 tonnes of DWR 162 wheat seeds to Indonesia.
• The two countries announced the Tagore-Dewantara Year of Cultural and Educational Diplomacy.
• An IIM Bangalore branch campus will be set up at Singhasari SEZ, Indonesia.
• Indonesia Open Network (ION) will be launched based on India’s ONDC architecture.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The visit marks a deepening of India-Indonesia relations beyond symbolism. The award reflects political trust, while the outcomes show practical cooperation across strategic sectors. Defence and maritime agreements strengthen Indo-Pacific security; space, telecom and research agreements support technology cooperation; Prambanan conservation and Tagore-Dewantara commemoration deepen cultural diplomacy; and ION based on ONDC shows India’s ability to export digital public infrastructure models. For India’s Act East Policy, Indonesia remains central because of its ASEAN role, maritime geography and shared Indo-Pacific interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations, India-Indonesia Relations, ASEAN, Cultural Diplomacy; GS3: Defence, Digital Public Infrastructure, Space, Critical Minerals, Disaster Management

News Item

The 1st India-Costa Rica Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) Meeting was held virtually on 6-7 July 2026. Both sides reviewed trade and investment ties and noted that bilateral merchandise trade grew to about USD 391 million in 2025-26.

Prelims Facts

• The 1st India-Costa Rica JETCO Meeting was held virtually on 6-7 July 2026.
• It was co-chaired by Vimal Anand, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, from India.
• Costa Rica was represented by Adriana Castro, General Director of Foreign Trade.
• India-Costa Rica bilateral merchandise trade reached about USD 391 million in 2025-26.
• JETCO was established under the MoU on Economic Cooperation between India and Costa Rica.
• Areas discussed included standards, accreditation, certification, food safety, pharmaceutical regulation and export certification.
• India highlighted opportunities in pharmaceuticals, digital technologies, manufacturing and innovation.
• Costa Rica presented its experience in the Central American trade integration regime.
• Both sides agreed to strengthen business-to-business engagement and regular institutional interactions.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral Relations, International Trade; GS3: Economy, Trade Facilitation, Pharmaceuticals and Digital Technologies

News Item

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has notified the Natural History Museum (NHM), Mizoram University, Aizawl, as India’s 21st Designated Repository under Section 39 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The notification was issued on 19 June 2026 based on the recommendation of the National Biodiversity Authority.

Prelims Facts

• Natural History Museum, Mizoram University, Aizawl has been notified as India’s 21st Designated Repository.
• It was notified under Section 39 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• The notification was issued on 19 June 2026.
• The recommendation came from the National Biodiversity Authority.
• NHM was established in 2022 under Mizoram University, a Central University.
• It is located in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.
• It will preserve flora such as pteridophytes and macrofungi.
• It will preserve fauna such as reptiles, amphibians, fishes, moths, beetles and butterflies.
• It will serve as a depository for type specimens of newly discovered species from the region.
• Mizoram and the wider North-East region have over 7,500 flowering plant species and more than 2,000 faunal species.
• The repository will support documentation of endemic species such as Leptobrachella tamdil, a recently described amphibian from Mizoram.
• Before designation, NHM had preserved more than 500 specimens, including herbarium sheets and wet-preserved collections.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biodiversity Conservation, Environment, Science and Technology; GS2: Environmental Governance

News Item

Kamarajar Port Limited (KPL) has become India’s second Major Port, after Visakhapatnam Port, to offer an operational draft of 18 metres. This follows the completion of Capital Dredging Phase VI with an investment of about ₹440 crore, enabling the port to handle fully laden Capesize vessels of up to 1,70,000 DWT.

Prelims Facts

• Kamarajar Port has become India’s second Major Port with 18-metre draft capability.
• The first Major Port with 18-metre draft capability is Visakhapatnam Port.
• Kamarajar Port is located near Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• It is India’s first corporatised Major Port.
• Capital Dredging Phase VI was completed with an investment of about ₹440 crore.
• The port can now handle fully laden Capesize vessels of up to 1,70,000 DWT.
• The project deepened the outer approach channel from 20 m to 23 m.
• The inner entrance channel was deepened from 19 m to 22 m.
• The enhanced draft is expected to reduce logistics costs through economies of scale.
• The achievement supports Maritime India Vision 2030 and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

GS Mapping

GS3: Infrastructure, Ports, Logistics, Maritime Economy, EXIM Trade

News Item

Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said that approval for Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM-B) to establish an overseas campus in Indonesia marks a new chapter in India’s education sector. The proposal was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Indonesia.

Prelims Facts

• IIM Bangalore will establish an overseas campus in Indonesia.
• The proposal was approved during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Indonesia.
• Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said it marks a new chapter for India’s education sector.
• The campus is linked with India’s effort to globalise its knowledge traditions and education system.
• The campus is proposed at Singhasari SEZ, Indonesia.
• It is expected to serve students and professionals in the wider ASEAN region.

GS Mapping

GS2: Education, International Relations, India-Indonesia Relations; GS3: Human Capital and Knowledge Economy

News Item

Astronomers using the European Space Agency’s Euclid space telescope have discovered four ancient quasars, including two of the oldest ever found. The light from the oldest pair dates back to a time when the universe was only about 670 million years old, nearly 5% of its current age of 13.8 billion years.

Background

Quasars are extremely bright centres of distant galaxies powered by supermassive black holes. The discovery is important because such massive and luminous objects are difficult to explain so soon after the Big Bang. Scientists are trying to understand how these early black holes grew so large so quickly during the universe’s early phase known as cosmic dawn.

Prelims Facts

• Astronomers discovered four ancient quasars, including two among the oldest ever found.
• The discovery used the Euclid space telescope of the European Space Agency.
• The oldest pair dates to when the universe was about 670 million years old.
• The current age of the universe is about 13.8 billion years.
• A quasar is a luminous galactic core powered by a supermassive black hole.
• Quasars help scientists study the early evolution of galaxies and black holes.
• The discovery deepens the mystery of how massive black holes formed so soon after the Big Bang.
• The study is linked with the early universe period called cosmic dawn.
• The findings were published in Nature Astronomy.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The discovery of extremely old quasars challenges existing models of black hole growth and galaxy formation. If supermassive black holes existed when the universe was only a few hundred million years old, scientists must explain how they accumulated matter so rapidly. Such discoveries show the importance of next-generation telescopes like Euclid and the James Webb Space Telescope in reconstructing the early history of the universe.

GS Mapping

GS3: Space Science, Astronomy, Space Technology, Scientific Research

News Item

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vepdegestrant, sold as Veppanu, for adults with ER-positive, HER2-negative, ESR1-mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer after progression on endocrine therapy. The approval is significant because vepdegestrant is the first FDA-approved PROTAC-based targeted protein degrader, a therapy designed to remove disease-causing proteins rather than only block them.

Background

Traditional medicines often work by blocking the activity of a disease-related protein. However, many proteins are difficult to block and are called “undruggable”. PROTACs offer a different approach: they act like a molecular bridge, bringing the target protein close to the cell’s own protein-disposal machinery so that it is tagged and degraded. Vepdegestrant targets the estrogen receptor, which can drive growth in many breast cancers, especially when ESR1 mutations make tumours resistant to standard endocrine therapies.

Prelims Facts

• The FDA approved vepdegestrant on 1 May 2026.
• Brand name: Veppanu.
• It is indicated for adults with ER-positive, HER2-negative, ESR1-mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer after progression on endocrine therapy.
• It is the first FDA-approved PROTAC-based targeted protein degrader.
• PROTAC stands for Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera.
• PROTACs remove target proteins by using the cell’s ubiquitin-proteasome system.
• Vepdegestrant targets and degrades the estrogen receptor.
• ESR1 mutations can cause resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
• The FDA approval was based on the Phase 3 VERITAC-2 trial.
• In the ESR1-mutated subgroup, vepdegestrant showed median progression-free survival of about 5.0 months compared with 2.1 months for fulvestrant.
• Vepdegestrant is an oral therapy, while fulvestrant is given by injection.
• FDA also approved Guardant360 CDx as a companion diagnostic to identify ESR1 mutations.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Vepdegestrant’s approval is a landmark in biotechnology because it validates targeted protein degradation as a clinical drug platform. It may open a new class of medicines against proteins earlier considered difficult to drug. However, the field still faces challenges: PROTAC molecules are often large, tissue delivery can be difficult, only some E3 ligases are well understood, and cancers may develop resistance. Therefore, the approval is both a major scientific breakthrough and the beginning of a longer phase of clinical refinement.

GS Mapping

GS3: Biotechnology, Health Technology, Cancer Therapy, Scientific Innovation; GS2: Health Governance and Regulation

News Item

The nation paid homage to Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee on his birth anniversary. The Ministry of Culture, in association with the West Bengal Government, organised a programme in Kolkata as part of the two-year official commemoration of his 125th birth anniversary.

Prelims Facts

• Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee was born on 6 July 1901 in Kolkata.
• His death anniversary is observed on 23 June.
• He founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951.
• He served as India’s first Minister for Industry and Supply.
• He was associated with Calcutta University and served as its Vice-Chancellor.
• The Ministry of Culture is observing his 125th birth anniversary through a two-year commemoration from 2025 to 2027.
• A programme was organised in Kolkata as part of the commemoration.
• A groundbreaking ceremony was planned for a 125-feet statue of Syama Prasad Mookerjee at Eco Park, New Town, Kolkata.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History, Personalities; GS2: Political Development in Post-Independence India

News Item

India will chair the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Consumer Protection Law and Policy at Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 8 July 2026. The session is being organised by United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and will discuss consumer protection priorities such as consumer education, sustainable consumption, product safety, cross-border consumer protection and enforcement in global markets.

Background

The session will bring together Member States, international organisations, consumer protection authorities, academia and other stakeholders. Nidhi Khare, Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, will chair the three-day session. A major highlight will be the launch of the United Nations Principles for Consumer Product Safety, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2025.

Prelims Facts

• India will chair the 9th Session of the IGE on Consumer Protection Law and Policy.
• The session will be held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 8 July 2026.
• It is organised by United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
• Nidhi Khare, Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, will chair the session.
• The IGE is the principal intergovernmental platform for cooperation and dialogue on consumer protection law and policy.
• A major highlight is the launch of the United Nations Principles for Consumer Product Safety.
• These Principles were adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2025.
• India will participate in a high-level fireside chat titled “Why the Principles Matter.”
• Key themes include consumer information and education, sustainable consumption, enforcement in global markets and cross-border consumer protection.
• UNCTAD was established in 1964 and is headquartered in Geneva.
• Important UNCTAD reports include World Investment Report, Trade and Development Report, Digital Economy Report, Technology and Innovation Report, Least Developed Countries Report and Review of Maritime Transport.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India’s chairing of the UNCTAD consumer protection session is significant because consumer rights are now deeply linked with global trade, digital platforms and cross-border e-commerce. The launch of UN product safety principles can help countries develop common standards for safe products, especially in online and international markets. For India, this is an opportunity to project its experience in consumer grievance redressal, digital governance and market regulation while learning from global best practices.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Organisations, Governance, Consumer Protection; GS3: Trade, E-commerce, Sustainable Consumption

News Item

The government said that over 104 crore health records have been linked to more than 93 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) accounts. This is a major step towards creating a connected digital public health ecosystem under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.

Prelims Facts

• Over 104 crore health records have been linked to over 93 crore ABHA accounts.
• ABHA is a 14-digit unique health identifier.
• ABHA is part of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
• ABHA helps connect individuals with doctors, hospitals, labs, insurers and other digital health services.
• Health records linked to ABHA can include prescriptions, lab reports, discharge summaries and treatment history.
• ABDM aims to create fully digital health records for citizens across India.
• Data sharing under ABHA is based on user consent.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, Governance; GS3: Digital Public Infrastructure, Science and Technology

News Item

APEDA facilitated the first-ever export shipment of premium Areko Cherries and Scentrose Plums from Jammu and Kashmir to the United Arab Emirates. The shipment was sourced from farmers in Shopian and Pulwama and sent to Abu Dhabi and Dubai, opening new international market opportunities for J&K’s horticulture sector.

Background

Jammu and Kashmir is known for high-value horticultural produce such as apples, cherries, plums, walnuts, saffron and other temperate fruits. During 2024-25, the Union Territory exported more than 6.37 lakh metric tonnes of fruits, generating turnover of over ₹3,100 crore. The latest shipment reflects growing global demand for premium Indian fruits and the role of export facilitation in improving farmers’ returns.

Prelims Facts

• APEDA facilitated the first export shipment of Areko Cherries and Scentrose Plums from Jammu and Kashmir to the UAE.
• The shipment was sent to Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
• The consignment comprised one metric tonne of premium stone fruits.
• The fruits were sourced from farmers in Shopian and Pulwama districts.
• Areko Cherries are described as High-Density European Sweet Cherries.
• The virtual flag-off ceremony was led by APEDA Chairman Abhishek Dev.
• Growers linked with the export supply chain realised nearly 60% higher returns for cherries and 120% higher returns for plums compared to domestic market prices.
• J&K exported more than 6.37 lakh metric tonnes of fruits during 2024-25.
• The fruit export turnover of J&K during 2024-25 exceeded ₹3,100 crore.
• APEDA works under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The shipment shows how export facilitation can transform regional horticulture into a higher-value income source. For J&K, premium fruit exports can reduce market glut, improve farmgate prices and create jobs in grading, packaging, cold-chain logistics and quality certification. However, sustaining such exports will require consistent fruit quality, residue compliance, cold-chain infrastructure, branding, farmer aggregation and stronger buyer linkages in Gulf and other international markets.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture, Horticulture, Agri-exports, Food Processing, Farmer Income; GS2: Governance and Trade Facilitation

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Prambanan Temple in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with the Indonesian President on 8 July 2026. The visit highlights India-Indonesia civilisational ties through shared heritage, temple architecture, the Ramayana tradition and ongoing conservation cooperation.

Prelims Facts

• Prambanan Temple is located in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia.
• It was built in the 9th century.
• It is Indonesia’s largest Hindu temple complex.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• The temple complex is dedicated mainly to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.
• The complex originally had around 240 temples.
• Its stone reliefs depict scenes from the Ramayana.
• The Ramayana Ballet continues to keep the epic alive in Indonesian culture.
• ASI is cooperating with Indonesian authorities for conservation of smaller temples in the complex.

GS Mapping

GS1: Art and Culture, Indian Cultural Influence Abroad; GS2: India-Indonesia Relations, Cultural Diplomacy

News Item

World Zoonoses Day 2026 was observed globally on 6 July to raise awareness about zoonotic diseases, which spread between animals and humans. Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda highlighted India’s One Health approach and the role of the Centre for One Health under NCDC in strengthening surveillance, prevention, early detection and response against such diseases.

Prelims Facts

• World Zoonoses Day is observed every year on 6 July.
• It commemorates the first successful rabies vaccination by Louis Pasteur in 1885.
• Zoonotic diseases spread between animals and humans.
• One Health links human, animal, plant and environmental health.
• Centre for One Health works under the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC).

GS Mapping

GS2: Health, Governance; GS3: Science and Technology, Disease Surveillance, Environment and Health