Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

Doordarshan marked its 67th foundation day on 15 September 2026. India’s public-service television broadcaster began as an experimental service under All India Radio on 15 September 1959.

Background

India’s first Doordarshan broadcast was inaugurated by President Dr Rajendra Prasad. Doordarshan remained part of All India Radio until 1975 and was separated from AIR on 1 April 1976.

Colour television was introduced in India in 1982 around the Asian Games in Delhi. Prasar Bharati was established as an autonomous corporation in 1997 under the Prasar Bharati Act, 1990, bringing Doordarshan and All India Radio under a unified public-broadcasting framework.

Prelims Facts

• Doordarshan began on 15 September 1959.
• It initially functioned as an experimental television service under All India Radio.
• Doordarshan separated from AIR on 1 April 1976.
• Colour television expanded in India in 1982 around the Asian Games in Delhi.
• Prasar Bharati became an autonomous corporation in 1997 under the Prasar Bharati Act, 1990.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern India and Culture

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to noted Bengali writer Saratchandra Chattopadhyay on his 150th birth anniversary. He highlighted the writer’s portrayal of rural Bengali society, social reform, women’s rights and nationalism.

Background

Saratchandra Chattopadhyay was one of the most widely read Bengali novelists and short-story writers. His writing is known for sensitive portrayals of social life, especially women, marginalised groups and rural society.

His major works include Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta and Pather Dabi. Pather Dabi was noted for its anti-colonial and revolutionary themes and was proscribed by the colonial government.

Prelims Facts

• Saratchandra Chattopadhyay was a prominent Bengali writer.
• His 150th birth anniversary was observed in 2026.
• Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta and Pather Dabi are among his major works.
• Pather Dabi was proscribed by the colonial authorities.
• His writings frequently addressed social reform, women’s condition and nationalism.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian Literature and Culture

News Item

India reiterated that targeting commercial shipping, seafarers, civilians and civilian infrastructure is unacceptable after the attack on the Panama-flagged MT El Gaia off Oman. Of 14 Indian seafarers aboard, 13 were rescued while search operations continued for one missing national.

Background

Oman occupies a strategically important position on the southeastern Arabian Peninsula. The Musandam Peninsula of Oman lies beside the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most important maritime energy chokepoints.

The incident again highlighted the importance of freedom and safety of navigation in international waterways because disruptions to commercial shipping can affect energy flows, insurance costs and global supply chains.

Prelims Facts

• MT El Gaia was a Panama-flagged commercial vessel.
• It was attacked off the coast of Oman.
• Fourteen Indian seafarers were aboard.
• Thirteen Indian seafarers were rescued.
• Oman’s Musandam Peninsula lies near the Strait of Hormuz.
• The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Maritime Security

News Item

India observed Engineers’ Day on 15 September 2026 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, one of India’s most distinguished engineers and nation-builders. The Prime Minister paid tribute to his engineering genius and contribution to nation-building.

Background

Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born on 15 September 1861. He was a renowned civil engineer, administrator and statesman who later served as the Diwan of Mysore.

He was associated with major engineering and development works including the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, flood-protection measures for Hyderabad and efforts to protect Visakhapatnam Port from erosion.

For his contributions to engineering and nation-building, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.

Prelims Facts

• Engineers’ Day in India is observed on 15 September.
• It commemorates the birth anniversary of Sir M. Visvesvaraya.
• Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born in 1861.
• He served as the Diwan of Mysore.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.
• He was associated with the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam.
• He is remembered for major contributions to engineering, irrigation and nation-building.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern India; Important Personalities

News Item

India’s retail inflation based on the Consumer Price Index rose to 4.82% in August 2026 from 4.45% in July, while Consumer Food Price Index inflation stood at 5.95%. Wholesale Price Index inflation also rose to 9.92% from 9.78% in July.

Background

CPI measures changes in retail prices faced by consumers and is compiled by the National Statistical Office under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. The current CPI series uses 2024 as its base year.

WPI tracks price changes mainly at the wholesale or producer level for goods and commodities. It is released by the Office of the Economic Adviser under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The current WPI series uses 2022-23 as its base year.

The Reserve Bank of India uses CPI inflation as the headline measure for its inflation-targeting framework.

Prelims Facts

• CPI inflation for August 2026 was 4.82%.
• Rural CPI inflation was 5.23% and urban CPI inflation was 4.31%.
• Consumer Food Price Index inflation was 5.95%.
• WPI inflation for August 2026 was 9.92%.
• CPI currently uses base year 2024.
• WPI currently uses base year 2022-23.
• RBI’s inflation-targeting framework is based on CPI inflation.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The simultaneous rise in retail and wholesale inflation points to persistent price pressures. Policymakers must balance inflation control with growth while watching food prices, fuel costs and imported commodity inflation.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy

News Item

India and MERCOSUR signed the First Additional Protocol to their Preferential Trade Agreement to allow electronic Certificates of Origin. The move is intended to modernise customs procedures, reduce processing time and support paperless preferential trade.

Background

The India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement was signed on 25 January 2004 and entered into force on 1 June 2009. India provides tariff preferences on 450 tariff lines and MERCOSUR on 452 tariff lines under the agreement.

MERCOSUR is a South American regional integration bloc established through the Treaty of Asunción in 1991. Its founding States Parties are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Bolivia is also a State Party, while Venezuela remains suspended from its rights and obligations as a State Party.

An electronic Certificate of Origin proves that a product qualifies as originating from a particular country or trading bloc and can therefore receive preferential tariff treatment where applicable.

Prelims Facts

• India and MERCOSUR signed the First Additional Protocol on 14 September 2026.
• The protocol concerns electronic Certificates of Origin.
• The India-MERCOSUR PTA was signed in 2004.
• The PTA entered into force in 2009.
• India provides preferences on 450 tariff lines under the PTA.
• MERCOSUR provides preferences on 452 tariff lines.
• MERCOSUR was established through the Treaty of Asunción in 1991.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Digitising Certificates of Origin can reduce transaction costs, speed customs verification and improve utilisation of preferential trade agreements. It also supports wider trade-facilitation efforts between India and Latin America.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Economy

News Item

The Union Environment Minister inaugurated a Soft Release Centre for the Great Indian Bustard at Naliya in Kachchh, Gujarat. The centre is designed to support conservation, monitoring and gradual adaptation of captive-bred or managed birds to the natural environment.

Background

The Great Indian Bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps, is one of the world’s rarest birds and is listed as Critically Endangered. It receives the highest legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Its remaining populations are concentrated mainly in arid and semi-arid grassland landscapes, especially Rajasthan and Gujarat. Major threats include habitat loss, fragmentation and collision with overhead power lines.

The Kachchh programme also includes grassland restoration, predator-proof fencing and a conservation-breeding intervention. During the same visit, mangrove restoration under MISHTI was reviewed at Jakhau.

Prelims Facts

• The GIB Soft Release Centre was inaugurated at Naliya in Kachchh, Gujarat.
• Great Indian Bustard is scientifically known as Ardeotis nigriceps.
• It is Critically Endangered.
• It is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Around 11 sq. km of Prosopis juliflora-infested grassland has been restored in the Kachchh GIB landscape.
• MISHTI focuses on mangrove restoration.
• Avicennia marina was planted at Jakhau Mangrove Nursery.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Saving the Great Indian Bustard requires more than captive breeding. Habitat restoration, power-line mitigation, community participation and landscape-level grassland management are essential for long-term recovery.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Biodiversity

News Item

India defeated Sri Lanka by 72 runs in the Women’s Asia Cup 2026 final in Dubai to win a record-extending eighth title. India scored 183 for 5 before dismissing Sri Lanka for 111.

Background

The Women’s Asia Cup is organised under the Asian Cricket Council framework and has been played in ODI and T20 formats. India has been the most successful team in the competition.

In the 2026 final, Shafali Verma scored 68 and Smriti Mandhana 59. Their 129-run opening stand became the highest partnership for any wicket in Women’s T20 Asia Cup history. Sree Charani took four wickets as India completed a dominant win.

Prelims Facts

• India won the Women’s Asia Cup 2026.
• Sri Lanka were runners-up.
• The final was played in Dubai.
• India won the final by 72 runs.
• India’s total was 183 for 5.
• Sri Lanka were dismissed for 111.
• This was India’s eighth Women’s Asia Cup title.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The title reinforces the depth and consistency of Indian women’s cricket and adds momentum to the wider expansion of women’s professional sport in India.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports and Social Development

News Item

Hindi Diwas was observed across India on 14 September 2026. The 6th All India Official Language Conference was held in Mumbai, where Rajbhasha awards for 2025-26 were presented for notable implementation of Official Language Hindi.

Background

The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi in Devanagari script as the Official Language of the Union on 14 September 1949. This date is commemorated annually as Hindi Diwas.

Article 343 of the Constitution provides that the Official Language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script and that the form of numerals for Union official purposes shall be the international form of Indian numerals.

Article 351 places a duty on the Union to promote the spread and development of Hindi while drawing upon the forms, styles and expressions of other Indian languages.

The Department of Official Language was established in 1975 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Prelims Facts

• Hindi Diwas is observed on 14 September.
• The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as the Official Language of the Union on 14 September 1949.
• Article 343 deals with the Official Language of the Union.
• Hindi is specified in Devanagari script.
• Article 351 concerns promotion and development of Hindi.
• The Department of Official Language functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The 6th All India Official Language Conference was held in Mumbai in 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India’s language policy seeks to balance promotion of Hindi with protection of linguistic diversity. The constitutional framework therefore combines the official-language provisions with recognition of India’s multilingual character.

GS Mapping

GS2: Constitution; GS1: Indian Culture

News Item

Indian archer Dhiraj Bommadevara became the first Indian male recurve archer to win gold at the Archery World Cup Final. He defeated Japan’s Nakanishi Junya in a shoot-off at Saltillo, Mexico.

Background

Recurve archery is the Olympic form of target archery. The World Cup Final brings together leading performers from the international World Cup circuit.

Bommadevara won the final 6-5 after the match reached a 5-5 tie. He prevailed 10-9 in the deciding shoot-off and ended a 16-year wait for an Indian male recurve archer to win a medal at the event.

Prelims Facts

• Dhiraj Bommadevara won gold at the Archery World Cup Final.
• He became the first Indian male recurve archer to achieve this feat.
• The event was held in Saltillo, Mexico.
• He defeated Nakanishi Junya of Japan.
• Recurve archery is an Olympic archery discipline.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

Researchers led by JNCASR scientists reported unusual wave-like heat transport in thallium copper selenide, TlCu5Se3. The material shows very low lattice thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric performance, potentially improving conversion of industrial waste heat into electricity.

Background

Thermoelectric materials can directly convert a temperature difference into electrical energy. A useful thermoelectric material should conduct electricity effectively while limiting heat conduction through the crystal lattice.

Researchers found that TlCu5Se3 shows strong anharmonicity and unusual wave-like phonon transport. The reported thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, reached 1.7, which is high for a pristine ternary chalcogenide.

Prelims Facts

• The material studied is thallium copper selenide, TlCu5Se3.
• The research involved JNCASR, Bengaluru.
• JNCASR is an autonomous institution under the Department of Science and Technology.
• The material showed a thermoelectric figure of merit zT of 1.7.
• The research was published in Science Advances.
• Thermoelectric materials can convert temperature differences into electrical energy.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

The Government announced that the fifth edition of SEMICON India will be held from 17 to 19 September 2026 at Yashobhoomi, New Delhi. The event will bring together more than 600 exhibitors, around 300 international companies and delegations from over 40 countries.

Background

Semiconductors are foundational components of modern electronics and are essential for computers, smartphones, vehicles, telecom systems, defence equipment and artificial intelligence infrastructure.

India has been building a domestic semiconductor ecosystem through manufacturing incentives, design support, skill development and the India Semiconductor Mission.

Prelims Facts

• SEMICON India 2026 is the fifth edition of the event.
• It will be held from 17 to 19 September 2026.
• The venue is Yashobhoomi in New Delhi.
• More than 600 exhibitors are expected.
• Around 300 international companies are expected to participate.
• Semiconductor chips are critical inputs for modern electronics.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology

News Item

Sirpur in Chhattisgarh came into current focus after a media delegation visited its ASI-protected monuments, including Laxman Temple, Baleshwar Mahadev Temple, Surang Tila and Tiwardev Vihara. The sites highlight Sirpur’s importance as a historical centre where Hindu and Buddhist traditions coexisted.

Background

Sirpur is located in present-day Chhattisgarh and is an important archaeological site of ancient Dakshina Kosala.

The Laxman Temple is especially noted for its early brick temple architecture and sculptural decoration. Excavated Buddhist monasteries such as Tiwardev Vihara show that Sirpur was also a centre of Buddhist learning and cultural exchange.

Prelims Facts

• Sirpur is located in Chhattisgarh.
• It is associated with ancient Dakshina Kosala.
• Laxman Temple is known for brick architecture.
• Tiwardev Vihara reflects Sirpur’s Buddhist heritage.
• Archaeological remains at Sirpur show coexistence of multiple religious traditions.
• Several monuments at Sirpur are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian History and Culture

News Item

India participated in the G20 Energy Ministers’ Meeting in the United States under the US G20 Presidency. Discussions were scheduled around energy security, affordable baseload power, regulatory efficiency, critical minerals and resilient supply chains.

Background

The G20 is the leading forum for international economic cooperation. It includes 19 countries, the European Union and the African Union.

Energy has become an important G20 issue because reliable and affordable energy systems are closely linked to industrial growth, energy transition, critical-mineral supply chains and climate goals.

For India, critical minerals are especially important for renewable energy, electric mobility, batteries, electronics and strategic technologies.

Prelims Facts

• The 2026 G20 Energy Ministers’ Meeting was held under the US G20 Presidency.
• India was represented by Union Minister Manohar Lal.
• Key themes included energy security and critical minerals.
• Resilient supply chains were part of the agenda.
• The G20 includes the European Union and African Union in addition to 19 countries.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Energy Security

News Item

The 18th BRICS Summit concluded in New Delhi on 13 September 2026 under India’s Chairship. The Ministry of External Affairs said the Summit produced more than 50 concrete and development-oriented outcomes across thematic tracks, while BRICS members reiterated support for stronger multilateralism and reform of global governance institutions.

Background

BRICS began as BRIC in 2006 with Brazil, Russia, India and China. South Africa later joined, and the grouping subsequently expanded. In 2026, BRICS has 11 full members.

India held the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026. The Summit was organised under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.” India used its Chairship to emphasise the concerns of the Global South, reform of international institutions, development cooperation and wider participation of women and youth.

Prelims Facts

• The 18th BRICS Summit concluded in New Delhi on 13 September 2026.
• India held the BRICS Chairship in 2026.
• More than 50 concrete outcomes were reported across thematic tracks.
• China will take over the BRICS Chairship for 2027.
• Reports from the BRICS Business Council and BRICS Women’s Business Alliance were presented to leaders.
• BRICS has consistently supported reform of the United Nations and greater representation for developing countries.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India used its BRICS Chairship to strengthen the voice of the Global South and push for reform of international institutions. The long-term effectiveness of BRICS will depend on whether its expanding and diverse membership can convert political declarations into practical cooperation on development, technology, finance and global governance.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

Iran and Oman agreed on new entry and exit shipping routes through the Strait of Hormuz on 13 September 2026. Under the proposed arrangement, the entry route into the Gulf would lie entirely within Iranian territorial waters, while part of the exit route would also pass through waters under Iranian control.

Background

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow and strategically important maritime passage between Iran and the Musandam Peninsula of Oman. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman, which opens into the Arabian Sea.

Major oil and gas exporters around the Persian Gulf depend heavily on this route. Therefore, disruptions in the Strait can affect global energy prices, shipping insurance, freight costs and supply chains. The Iran–Oman arrangement was expected to be discussed with other Gulf countries as part of wider regional consultations.

Prelims Facts

• The Strait of Hormuz lies between Iran and Oman.
• It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.
• Oman’s Musandam Peninsula lies close to the Strait.
• Iran and Oman agreed on new entry and exit shipping routes in September 2026.
• The proposed entry route would lie entirely in Iranian territorial waters.
• Disruption in the Strait can influence international oil and gas markets.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The development underlines how maritime geography and geopolitics directly affect global energy security. For India, which depends heavily on imported energy, stability around the Strait of Hormuz is important for crude-oil prices, shipping insurance and uninterrupted supply.

GS Mapping

GS1: Geography; GS2: International Relations; GS3: Energy Security

News Item

A Government backgrounder released on 13 September 2026 highlighted the Incentive Scheme for Promotion of Domestic PNG Connections, which seeks to accelerate the activation and expansion of household Piped Natural Gas connections. The scheme was launched on 18 August 2026 and came into effect from 1 September 2026.

Background

Domestic PNG is supplied through City Gas Distribution (CGD) networks. These networks provide natural gas to households, commercial establishments, industries and transport fuel stations.

The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board has authorised CGD entities in 309 Geographical Areas covering mainland India. As of 18 August 2026, India had 1.74 crore domestic PNG connections.

The incentive scheme rewards CGD entities for adding active billed household connections above a specified threshold. For each eligible incremental connection, an additional allocation of 200 Standard Cubic Metres of domestically produced APM gas is provided.

Prelims Facts

• The Domestic PNG incentive scheme was launched on 18 August 2026.
• It became effective from 1 September 2026.
• India had 1.74 crore domestic PNG connections as of 18 August 2026.
• PNGRB-authorised entities operate across 309 Geographical Areas.
• Eligible CGD entities receive an additional 200 SCM of APM gas for each qualifying incremental connection.
• The scheme operates in two tranches over six months.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Expanding PNG can support cleaner household energy and reduce logistical dependence on cylinder delivery in urban areas. Its success will depend on pipeline infrastructure, household conversion rates, rational taxation and the commercial viability of CGD networks.

GS Mapping

GS3: Energy and Infrastructure

News Item

At a high-level engagement with the Board and Investors Council of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in New Delhi on 13 September 2026, India highlighted its growing vaccine-development and biotechnology capabilities. The Government said India can contribute scientific infrastructure and biomedical solutions to future epidemic and pandemic preparedness.

Background

CEPI is a global partnership created to accelerate the development of vaccines and related technologies against emerging infectious diseases. It was officially launched in Davos in January 2017.

India and Norway were among its founding governments along with philanthropic and international partners. India’s Department of Biotechnology and BIRAC have also worked with CEPI to strengthen vaccine research, development and innovation.

Prelims Facts

• CEPI was officially launched in Davos in January 2017.
• India was among its founding governments.
• CEPI focuses on vaccines against emerging infectious diseases and epidemic threats.
• India’s Department of Biotechnology and BIRAC cooperate with CEPI.
• The 13 September 2026 engagement involved CEPI’s Board and Investors Council in New Delhi.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India’s large vaccine-manufacturing base and expanding biotechnology ecosystem can make it an important contributor to global health security. The policy challenge is to combine research, manufacturing, surveillance and rapid regulatory pathways so scientific advances can be converted into deployable solutions before outbreaks become global emergencies.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology; GS2: Health

News Item

The Philippines officially joined the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) during President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.’s visit to New Delhi for the BRICS Summit. The Philippines became the coalition’s 71st member and the second Southeast Asian country to join after Vietnam.

Background

The Philippines participated in the 2026 BRICS Summit in its capacity as ASEAN Chair. Its entry into CDRI adds a climate-resilience dimension to India–Philippines cooperation.

CDRI is an India-led global partnership that promotes resilient infrastructure capable of withstanding disasters and climate-related risks. It was launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019 and is headquartered in New Delhi.

Prelims Facts

• The Philippines joined CDRI during President Marcos Jr.’s New Delhi visit in September 2026.
• It became CDRI’s 71st member.
• It became the second Southeast Asian member after Vietnam.
• CDRI was launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019.
• CDRI is headquartered in New Delhi.
• The Philippines participated in the BRICS Summit as ASEAN Chair for 2026.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The development strengthens India’s Act East engagement and expands cooperation on climate-resilient infrastructure. For disaster-prone Indo-Pacific countries, resilience-oriented infrastructure can reduce economic losses and improve continuity of essential services after extreme events.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Disaster Management

News Item

Germany’s Alexander Zverev won the US Open 2026 men’s singles title on 13 September by defeating American Ben Shelton 6-3, 7-6, 5-7, 6-2. Kazakhstan’s Elena Rybakina had won the women’s singles title a day earlier by defeating Aryna Sabalenka 6-4, 5-7, 6-2.

Background

The US Open is one of tennis’s four Grand Slam tournaments, along with the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. It is played in New York at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.

Zverev’s victory gave him his second Grand Slam singles title after the 2026 French Open. Rybakina’s victory was her first US Open title and her third Grand Slam singles title overall. She also secured the world No. 1 ranking during the tournament.

Prelims Facts

• Alexander Zverev won the US Open 2026 men’s singles title.
• He defeated Ben Shelton in the final.
• Elena Rybakina won the US Open 2026 women’s singles title.
• She defeated Aryna Sabalenka in the final.
• Zverev’s US Open title was his second Grand Slam singles title.
• Rybakina’s US Open title was her first in New York and third Grand Slam singles title overall.

GS Mapping

Prelims: Sports

News Item

The first International Day of Caves and Karst was observed on 13 September 2026 following its proclamation by UNESCO. The inaugural global celebration was centred in Postojna, Slovenia, and highlighted the scientific, ecological, hydrological and cultural importance of cave and karst landscapes.

Background

Karst landscapes form mainly through the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone and gypsum. Typical features may include caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams and underground drainage systems.

UNESCO proclaimed 13 September as the annual International Day of Caves and Karst in 2025. Caves and karst landscapes cover nearly one-quarter of the Earth’s land surface and supply drinking water to more than one billion people.

Prelims Facts

• International Day of Caves and Karst is observed on 13 September.
• The first observance was held in 2026.
• UNESCO proclaimed the day in 2025.
• The inaugural celebration was centred in Postojna, Slovenia.
• Karst develops through dissolution of soluble rocks.
• Caves and karst landscapes cover nearly one-quarter of the Earth’s land surface.

GS Mapping

GS1: Physical Geography; GS3: Environment

News Item

Dryland Congress 2026 concluded in New Delhi on 13 September with adoption of the Delhi Declaration on Drylands (3D). The declaration called for greater South-South and triangular cooperation, better data systems, living laboratories and stronger partnerships for resilient dryland agriculture.

Background

Drylands include arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions where water availability is limited relative to climatic demand. Such regions are particularly vulnerable to drought, land degradation, soil-moisture stress and climate variability.

The final day of the Congress coincided with the UN Day for South-South Cooperation. The event also presented the inaugural ISSCA Global Awards 2026, recognising agricultural innovations from across the Global South.

Prelims Facts

• Dryland Congress 2026 concluded in New Delhi on 13 September 2026.
• It adopted the Delhi Declaration on Drylands.
• The final day coincided with the UN Day for South-South Cooperation.
• The Congress emphasised data systems and living laboratories for dryland agri-food systems.
• The inaugural ISSCA Global Awards 2026 were presented during the Congress.
• Odisha Livelihoods Mission was among recipients of the ISSCA Global Award for Transformative Excellence.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture and Environment

News Item

The West Bengal Government approved a DRDO proposal to establish a weapon and missile testing range at Junput, a coastal village in Purba Medinipur district. The proposed facility is expected to share part of the workload of existing testing infrastructure in Odisha.

Background

Junput lies on the Bay of Bengal coast of West Bengal and is about 70 km along the coast from Chandipur in Odisha.

DRDO’s Integrated Test Range operates through launch complexes in Odisha and is used for testing missiles and other defence systems. A new coastal range can expand testing capacity while providing the clear zones needed for many weapon and missile trials.

Prelims Facts

• Junput is located in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal.
• It lies on the Bay of Bengal coast.
• The proposed range is associated with DRDO.
• Chandipur is located in Odisha.
• DRDO’s Integrated Test Range operates through launch complexes in Odisha.
• The proposed Junput facility is expected to augment India’s defence testing capacity.

GS Mapping

GS3: Defence Technology

News Item

The 18th BRICS Summit opened in New Delhi on 12 September 2026 under India’s Chairship, and member countries adopted the New Delhi Declaration on the first day. The declaration called for stronger multilateralism, reform of global governance institutions and deeper cooperation across development, finance, technology and people-to-people ties.

Background

BRICS began as a political cooperation forum of Brazil, Russia, India and China in 2006. South Africa later joined, and the grouping subsequently expanded. As of 2026, BRICS has 11 full members: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the UAE.

India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026. The theme of the 18th Summit is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”

The New Delhi Declaration reaffirmed support for reform of the United Nations, including the UN Security Council, and sought greater representation of developing countries and the Global South in international decision-making.

Prelims Facts

• The 18th BRICS Summit is being held in New Delhi on 12–13 September 2026.
• India holds the BRICS Chairship in 2026.
• India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship theme is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”
• BRICS has 11 full members in 2026.
• The New Delhi Declaration was adopted on the first day of the Summit.
• China and Russia reiterated support for the aspirations of Brazil and India to play a greater role in the UN, including the Security Council.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The New Delhi Declaration reflects India’s effort to position BRICS as a platform for Global South concerns and reform of international institutions. The challenge is to convert a diverse membership into concrete cooperation while preserving consensus among countries with different strategic interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

South Asian countries adopted the Kathmandu Declaration at the first General Assembly of the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN). The declaration calls for stronger intelligence sharing, financial investigation, anti-money-laundering action, asset recovery and prosecution against organised wildlife crime.

Background

SAWEN is a regional intergovernmental wildlife law-enforcement support body established to combat wildlife crime in South Asia. It was formally launched in January 2011 at Paro, Bhutan, and its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Its eight members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Wildlife trafficking increasingly overlaps with organised crime, corruption, money laundering and cross-border criminal networks, making enforcement cooperation important for biodiversity as well as internal security.

Prelims Facts

• SAWEN was formally launched in January 2011 in Paro, Bhutan.
• Its Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• SAWEN has eight South Asian member countries.
• The Kathmandu Declaration was adopted at the first SAWEN General Assembly.
• The declaration promotes financial investigation and anti-money-laundering action against wildlife crime.
• It also supports treatment of serious wildlife crime as transnational organised crime.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Wildlife crime is no longer only a conservation issue. Treating it as organised transnational crime can improve financial tracking, prosecution and cross-border enforcement while protecting biodiversity and strengthening the rule of law.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Internal Security

News Item

The Government has approved 18.77 lakh houses under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0. At the ninth meeting of the Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee, around 29,000 additional houses were approved under the Beneficiary-Led Construction and Affordable Housing in Partnership verticals.

Background

PMAY-U 2.0 was approved by the Union Cabinet in August 2024 and came into effect from 1 September 2024. It aims to support one crore additional urban poor and middle-class families over five years for construction, purchase or rental of affordable housing.

The scheme has four verticals:

• Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC)
• Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP)
• Affordable Rental Housing (ARH)
• Interest Subsidy Scheme (ISS)

Government assistance of ₹2.30 lakh crore is envisaged within an overall investment of ₹10 lakh crore.

Prelims Facts

• PMAY-U 2.0 came into effect on 1 September 2024.
• It targets one crore additional eligible urban beneficiaries over five years.
• It has four verticals: BLC, AHP, ARH and ISS.
• Government assistance of ₹2.30 lakh crore is envisaged.
• Total investment under the scheme is estimated at ₹10 lakh crore.
• The latest approvals under PMAY-U 2.0 have reached 18.77 lakh houses.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Urban housing policy increasingly has to address not only home ownership but also rental housing, migrant workers and affordability. Effective implementation requires land availability, urban infrastructure, financing and coordination with States and Urban Local Bodies.

GS Mapping

GS2: Welfare Schemes and Urbanisation

News Item

A three-day Table Top Exercise under the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) concluded at the Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam. It focused on coordinated responses to illicit maritime activities and other non-traditional security challenges in the Indian Ocean Region.

Background

The Colombo Security Conclave emerged in 2011 as a regional maritime-security mechanism. Its cooperation agenda has expanded beyond traditional naval security to issues such as terrorism, organised crime, cyber security and trafficking.

The 2026 exercise examined maritime terrorism, narcotics smuggling, human trafficking and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing. It also focused on Maritime Domain Awareness and information sharing.

Prelims Facts

• The CSC Table Top Exercise was held at Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam.
• It ran from 9 to 11 September 2026.
• It addressed maritime terrorism, narcotics smuggling, human trafficking and IUU fishing.
• Maritime Domain Awareness was a key focus.
• MAHASAGAR stands for Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions.

GS Mapping

GS3: Maritime Security

News Item

Saudi Arabia temporarily shut its East-West oil pipeline after a drone attack, while Houthi forces in Yemen captured the strategic island of Perim near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. The developments increased concern over shipping and energy flows through the Red Sea region.

Background

The Bab el-Mandeb Strait connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It lies between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti/Eritrea on the African side.

It is one of the world’s important maritime chokepoints because ships travelling between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal generally pass through it.

Saudi Arabia’s East-West pipeline provides an alternative route for moving oil from the eastern part of the country toward the Red Sea, helping reduce dependence on the Strait of Hormuz.

Prelims Facts

• Bab el-Mandeb connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden.
• Yemen lies on its northeastern side.
• Djibouti and Eritrea lie on the African side.
• Perim is a strategically located island in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
• The Saudi East-West pipeline provides an alternative export route that can bypass the Strait of Hormuz.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations; GS3: Energy Security

News Item

The three-day Global Dryland Congress 2026 concluded in New Delhi with the adoption of the Delhi Declaration on Drylands (3D). The declaration calls for stronger South-South and triangular cooperation, knowledge exchange and innovation for resilient dryland agriculture.

Background

Drylands include arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions where water availability is limited relative to climatic demand.

The Global Dryland Congress 2026 was jointly organised by ICAR and ICRISAT from 10–12 September. Drylands account for about 45% of the world’s land surface and are home to more than two billion people.

The Congress also marked 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

Prelims Facts

• Global Dryland Congress 2026 was held in New Delhi from 10–12 September.
• It was jointly organised by ICAR and ICRISAT.
• The Congress concluded with the Delhi Declaration on Drylands.
• Drylands cover about 45% of the world’s land surface.
• More than two billion people live in dryland regions.
• The Congress marked 50 years of ICAR–ICRISAT partnership.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture and Environment

News Item

India set a Guinness World Record for the world’s longest steel slag road at Raigarh in Chhattisgarh. The 1.85-km road uses processed steel slag, an industrial by-product, as road-construction aggregate.

Background

Steel slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing. Instead of disposing it as industrial waste, processed slag can be converted into road-making aggregate.

The technology has been developed and promoted by CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI). It supports circular-economy and “Waste to Wealth” objectives by reducing dependence on natural stone aggregates.

Earlier applications of the technology include steel slag road projects in Gujarat and a National Highway section on NH-66.

Prelims Facts

• The record road is located at Raigarh in Chhattisgarh.
• Its length is 1.85 km.
• Steel slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing.
• CSIR-CRRI has developed and promoted steel slag road technology in India.
• Steel slag can substitute part or all of natural aggregates in suitable road layers after processing.
• The technology is associated with the Waste to Wealth approach.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology; Infrastructure

News Item

India hosted the BRICS Business Forum 2026 in New Delhi on 11 September, setting the stage for the 18th BRICS Summit scheduled for 12–13 September at Bharat Mandapam. India holds the BRICS Chairship in 2026, with the grouping focusing on resilience, innovation, cooperation and sustainability.

Background

BRICS began in 2006 with Brazil, Russia, India and China. It has gradually expanded and now comprises 11 members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026.

The theme of India's 2026 Chairship is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.” BRICS has become an important platform for emerging and developing economies to discuss global governance, development, trade, finance and the concerns of the Global South.

Prelims Facts

• The 18th BRICS Summit is being hosted in New Delhi on 12–13 September 2026.
• India is holding the BRICS Chairship for the fourth time in 2026.
• India's 2026 BRICS theme is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”
• BRICS currently has 11 full members.
• The BRICS Business Forum 2026 was held in New Delhi on 11 September.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• BRICS gives India an important platform to strengthen the voice of the Global South, promote reform of international institutions and deepen South-South economic cooperation. Its growing membership also creates opportunities for trade and investment, but requires consensus among countries with diverse strategic interests.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations

News Item

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) described India as a key engine of global growth after real GDP grew by 7.8% in Q1 of FY 2026–27. The IMF noted that services and exports supported the stronger-than-expected performance while higher energy prices remain an important risk for an oil-importing economy such as India.

Background

GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within an economy during a given period. Real GDP removes the effect of price changes, while nominal GDP is measured at current prices.

India's Q1 FY 2026–27 real GDP was estimated at ₹81.36 lakh crore, growing 7.8%. Real GVA grew 8.2%, while nominal GDP grew 10.3%. India's new national accounts series uses 2022–23 as the base year.

Prelims Facts

• India's real GDP grew by 7.8% in Q1 FY 2026–27.
• Real GVA growth in the quarter was 8.2%.
• Nominal GDP growth was 10.3%.
• Real GDP at constant prices was estimated at ₹81.36 lakh crore.
• India's new GDP series uses 2022–23 as the base year.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Strong growth improves fiscal capacity, employment prospects and investor confidence, but sustained high crude prices can raise inflation, import costs and pressure on the current account. Maintaining growth therefore requires macroeconomic stability along with investment, productivity and export competitiveness.

GS Mapping

GS3: Economy

News Item

India has administered more than 80 lakh HPV vaccine doses under the National HPV Vaccination Campaign. The campaign provides free, voluntary, single-dose vaccination to 14-year-old girls for protection against Human Papillomavirus-linked cervical cancer.

Background

The nationwide campaign was launched on 28 February 2026. India uses Gardasil-4, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine protecting against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. Types 16 and 18 are especially important because of their association with cervical cancer.

Vaccination is provided through government health facilities with parental consent.

Prelims Facts

• More than 80 lakh HPV vaccine doses have been administered under the campaign.
• The target group is 14-year-old girls.
• Vaccination is free, voluntary and single-dose under the national campaign.
• The nationwide programme was launched on 28 February 2026.
• Gardasil-4 protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18.
• Uttar Pradesh recorded more than 22 lakh vaccinations, the highest number among States reported by the Health Ministry.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• HPV vaccination can strengthen India's shift from treatment-centred cancer care to prevention. Its success depends on high coverage, public trust, continued screening and timely diagnosis, because vaccination is one component of a broader cervical-cancer prevention strategy.

GS Mapping

GS2: Health

News Item

Operational Guidelines for DILRMP 3.0 have been launched to move land administration from isolated digitisation toward an integrated digital system. The programme will cover all States and Union Territories and focus on GIS-enabled, interoperable land information.

Background

The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme aims to modernise land records and improve transparency and citizen access. DILRMP 3.0 covers 2026–2031, is a Central Sector Scheme and has an anticipated outlay of ₹565.50 crore.

Prelims Facts

• DILRMP 3.0 covers the period 2026–2031.
• It is a Central Sector Scheme.
• The anticipated financial outlay is ₹565.50 crore.
• It is to be implemented across all States and Union Territories.
• The new phase focuses on a GIS-enabled Land Stack and system interoperability.

GS Mapping

GS2: Governance

News Item

The Government highlighted critical minerals as vital for India's energy security, industrial competitiveness and national security. Their importance is rising because clean energy, electric mobility, semiconductors, defence and advanced technologies depend heavily on secure mineral supply chains.

Background

India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to strengthen domestic exploration, processing, recycling and overseas sourcing. India has identified 30 critical minerals, of which 24 are included in Part D of the First Schedule to the MMDR Act, 1957.

Prelims Facts

• India has identified 30 critical minerals.
• 24 are included in Part D of the First Schedule to the MMDR Act, 1957.
• The Central Government has exclusive authority to auction mining leases and composite licences for these specified 24 minerals.
• NCMM was launched in 2025.
• GSI has been tasked with 1,200 exploration projects during 2024–25 to 2030–31.

GS Mapping

GS3: Science and Technology, Energy Security

News Item

India observed National Forest Martyrs Day on 11 September to honour forest guards, officials and community members who lost their lives while protecting forests, wildlife and biodiversity.

Background

The date is linked to the Khejarli sacrifice of 1730 in present-day Rajasthan. More than 360 members of the Bishnoi community, led by Amrita Devi, were killed while resisting the felling of trees.

The episode is one of India's best-known historical examples of community-based environmental conservation.

Prelims Facts

• National Forest Martyrs Day is observed on 11 September.
• It commemorates sacrifices made in the protection of forests and biodiversity.
• The date is associated with the Khejarli incident of 1730.
• Khejarli is in Rajasthan.
• Amrita Devi and the Bishnoi community are associated with the historic tree-protection sacrifice.
• More than 360 people were killed while resisting tree felling.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Biodiversity

News Item

The National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), under the Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY), has officially integrated its NIELIT Digital University (NDU) platform with the digital learning resources of Saylor Academy (USA). This collaboration aims to provide Indian learners with free, self-paced, globally relevant courses in AI, programming, and data science.

Background

The push for democratizing digital education is a core component of the Digital India initiative and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. NIELIT acts as the premier capacity-building arm of the government in Information, Electronics & Communications Technology (IECT). The NIELIT Digital University (NDU) is designed to offer accessible, on-demand skilling and upskilling opportunities, particularly reaching learners in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. Saylor Academy is a non-profit initiative based in the US that offers free, open-source online education. By aggregating global content on an Indian platform, the government is focusing on creating a future-ready, globally competitive workforce capable of navigating the rapidly evolving tech landscape.

Prelims Facts

• Parent Ministry for NIELIT: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• International Partner: Saylor Academy/University (United States).
• Objective: To democratize access to high-quality, free digital education (AI, Data Science, Cyber Security) via the NDU platform.
• Key Domestic MoU Partners: NIELIT also exchanged MoUs with CII, NASSCOM, Pearson India, and Dassault Systèmes to strengthen industry-academia linkages.

GS Mapping

GS2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources; GS3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, scheduled for October 2026. The conclave aims to break institutional silos and bring together startups, researchers, policymakers, and global scientific leaders, including three Nobel Laureates.

Background

The ESTIC was conceptualized to unite the scattered science and technology ecosystem under a single umbrella, moving away from isolated annual events. It operates under a "whole-of-government" approach, guided by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India, and organized primarily by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). The conclave strongly aligns with the national goal of Viksit Bharat by 2047, emphasizing deep-tech startups, artificial intelligence, ocean technologies (like the Deep Ocean Mission), and advanced healthcare.

Prelims Facts

• Event: Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2026.
• Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• Nodal Organizing Lab: CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram.
• Startup Ecosystem: India currently has over 2.3 lakh startups, making it the third-largest startup ecosystem globally. Over 50-60% of these now originate from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.

GS Mapping

GS3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology; Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently met with Prince Rahim Aga Khan V, the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community, in New Delhi. They discussed expanding India's collaboration with the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) across crucial sectors like healthcare, agriculture, rural development, and women's empowerment.

Background

The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a prominent global network of private, non-denominational development agencies originally founded by the late Aga Khan IV. It operates in over 30 countries, focusing on improving the quality of life in developing regions, irrespective of faith, origin, or gender. In India, AKDN has a long-standing history of contributing to rural socio-economic progress, education, and heritage conservation. This meeting highlights India's strategic intent to leverage international philanthropic partnerships to accelerate grassroots development.

Prelims Facts

• Personality in News: Prince Rahim Aga Khan V (the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community).
• Organisation involved: Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN).
• Key sectors discussed: Healthcare, agriculture, rural development, youth empowerment, and women's empowerment.
• Notable AKDN Projects in India: Restoration of Humayun’s Tomb, Qutb Shahi Heritage Park in Hyderabad, and widespread rural support initiatives.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests; Important International institutions, agencies and fora.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently addressed the International Space Summit in Paris, advocating for global cooperation, sustainability, and peaceful space exploration. Highlighting India’s major space achievements like Chandrayaan-3, he reiterated the country's ambitious goals to establish an indigenous space station by 2035 and land an Indian on the Moon by 2040.

Background

The governance of outer space is broadly guided by international treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which designates space as the "province of all mankind." With the rapid commercialisation of space and increasing orbital debris, multilateral forums like the International Space Summit are crucial for formulating sustainable space policies. India's space diplomacy, deeply rooted in its Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth, One Family, One Future) philosophy, emphasizes cost-effective, inclusive, and peaceful exploration. The Indo-French space partnership is one of India's oldest and most trusted, dating back to the 1960s when France assisted in setting up the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Kerala.

Prelims Facts

• Host City: The International Space Summit was held in Paris, France.
• ISRO's Global Reach: ISRO has successfully launched over 430 payloads from 34 countries using its indigenous launch vehicles.
• Historic Milestones: Chandrayaan-3 made India the first country to land near the lunar south pole, and Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar observatory.
• Historic Ties: France has been a trusted space partner since the 1960s (starting with the Thumba launch station in Kerala) and current collaborations heavily focus on Earth observation and advanced technologies.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests; GS3: Awareness in the fields of Space.