Current Affairs Revision Hub

News Item

The Norwegian Nobel Committee announced on 9 October 2026 that South African jurist Navanethem “Navi” Pillay would receive the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts to promote peace and international law.

The award recognises her contribution to international justice, human rights and accountability for serious international crimes.

Background

Navi Pillay was born in Durban, South Africa, into a family of Indian Tamil origin. She challenged racial discrimination during apartheid and later served in important international judicial institutions.

Her career includes service as a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). She also served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

The Nobel Committee highlighted her role in strengthening legal accountability for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.

The Nobel Peace Prize is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, the Peace Prize is presented in Oslo, Norway.

Prelims Facts

• Nobel Peace Prize 2026: Navanethem “Navi” Pillay.
• Country: South Africa.
• Origin: Indian Tamil family.
• Awarding body: Norwegian Nobel Committee.
• Peace Prize ceremony: Oslo, Norway.
• ICTR: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
• ICC: International Criminal Court.
• Main contribution: International law, justice and human rights.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The award highlights the importance of international law and independent judicial institutions in maintaining peace. Effective accountability for serious crimes can strengthen human rights protection, although international courts continue to face challenges involving jurisdiction, enforcement and political cooperation.

GS Mapping

GS2: International Relations and International Institutions

News Item

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Anne Carson, a Canadian poet, essayist, translator and classical scholar.

The Swedish Academy announced the award on 8 October 2026.

Carson was recognised for her innovative literary work that combines classical traditions with new forms of contemporary literature.

Her writing frequently blends poetry, prose, translation, mythology and literary criticism.

Important works:

• Autobiography of Red.
• Eros the Bittersweet.
• The Beauty of the Husband.
• Nox.
• Red Doc>.

Background

Nobel Prize in Literature

• Established under the will of Alfred Nobel.
• First awarded in 1901.
• Awarding institution: Swedish Academy.
• Announcement and award ceremony are associated with Stockholm, Sweden.
• The Nobel Prize ceremony is traditionally held on 10 December.

Important distinction:

• Literature: Swedish Academy.
• Physics and Chemistry: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
• Physiology or Medicine: Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet.
• Peace: Norwegian Nobel Committee.
• Economic Sciences: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Prelims Facts

• Award: Nobel Prize in Literature 2026.
• Winner: Anne Carson.
• Country: Canada.
• Announcement: 8 October 2026.
• Awarding institution: Swedish Academy.
• Important work: Autobiography of Red.
• First Literature Nobel: 1901.
• Nobel Prize ceremony: 10 December.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• Carson's recognition highlights the importance of literary experimentation and the continuing influence of classical literature on contemporary writing.
• Her work demonstrates how traditional narratives can be reinterpreted to explore modern human experiences.

GS Mapping

GS1: Art and Culture | Prelims: Awards and Authors

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to revolutionary freedom fighter Shyamji Krishna Varma on his birth anniversary on 4 October 2026, recalling his lifelong contribution to India's freedom struggle.

Background

Shyamji Krishna Varma was born on 4 October 1857 at Mandvi in present-day Gujarat.

He founded the Indian Home Rule Society and India House in London in 1905.

India House became an important centre for Indian revolutionary nationalism abroad.

He also started the journal The Indian Sociologist.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was among the prominent revolutionaries associated with India House.

Prelims Facts

• Born: 4 October 1857.
• Birthplace: Mandvi, Gujarat.
• Founded India House: London, 1905.
• Founded Indian Home Rule Society.
• Journal: The Indian Sociologist.
• Associated revolutionary: V.D. Savarkar.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History

News Item

India and Indian missions worldwide observed Mahatma Gandhi's 157th birth anniversary on 2 October 2026. The date is also observed internationally as the United Nations International Day of Non-Violence.

Background

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar.

The UN General Assembly established the International Day of Non-Violence through Resolution 61/271 in 2007, choosing Gandhi's birthday to disseminate the message of non-violence through education and public awareness.

The day also marks the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, born on 2 October 1904.

Prelims Facts

• Gandhi born: 2 October 1869.
• Birthplace: Porbandar.
• International Day of Non-Violence: 2 October.
• Established by UNGA: 2007.
• Resolution: 61/271.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri born: 2 October 1904.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History | GS4: Ethics

News Item

Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh was remembered on his birth anniversary on 26 September 2026. An economist and public servant, he served as India's Prime Minister from May 2004 to May 2014.

Background

Dr Manmohan Singh was born on 26 September 1932 in the Punjab province of undivided India.

Before becoming Prime Minister, he held several important economic-policy positions. He served as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1982 to 1985 and as Union Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996.

His tenure as Finance Minister is closely associated with the economic reforms initiated during the 1991 balance-of-payments crisis.

Prelims Facts

• Born: 26 September 1932.
• Prime Minister: 22 May 2004-26 May 2014.
• India's fourteenth Prime Minister.
• RBI Governor: 1982-1985.
• Union Finance Minister: 1991-1996.
• Associated prominently with the 1991 economic reforms.
• Padma Vibhushan: 1987.

GS Mapping

GS3: Indian Economy | Prelims: Personalities

News Item

25 September 2026 marked the 110th birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya and was observed as Antyodaya Diwas. Official commemorations recalled the concepts of Antyodaya and Integral Humanism associated with his thought.

Background

Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on 25 September 1916 and died in 1968. “Antyodaya” broadly refers to prioritising the upliftment of the person at the last or weakest end of society.

Integral Humanism is the political and socio-economic philosophy closely associated with Upadhyaya.

Prelims Facts

• Birth: 25 September 1916.
• 2026 marked his 110th birth anniversary.
• 25 September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas.
• Associated concepts: Antyodaya and Integral Humanism.
• Antyodaya emphasises upliftment of the last person.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian Political Thought | Prelims: Important Days

News Item

India opened its medal account at the Aichi-Nagoya 2026 Asian Games with two silver medals in women’s 10m air rifle. In women’s cricket, India defeated Bangladesh by 114 runs to reach the gold-medal match, while Smriti Mandhana became the leading run-scorer in Women’s T20 Internationals.

Background

Elavenil Valarivan won silver in the women’s 10m air rifle individual event. India also won team silver through Elavenil Valarivan, Sonam Uttam Maskar and Vidarsa K Vinod.

In the women’s cricket semi-final, India scored 195/4 and bowled Bangladesh out for 81. Shafali Verma scored her maiden T20I century in 49 balls, while Mandhana scored 37 from 19 balls.

Mandhana surpassed New Zealand’s Suzie Bates to move to the top of the all-time Women’s T20I run chart.

Prelims Facts

• The 2026 Asian Games are the 20th Asian Games and are being hosted in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan.
• Elavenil Valarivan won silver in women’s 10m air rifle individual event.
• India won women’s 10m air rifle team silver through Elavenil Valarivan, Sonam Uttam Maskar and Vidarsa K Vinod.
• Smriti Mandhana became the leading run-scorer in Women’s T20Is.
• She surpassed New Zealand’s Suzie Bates.
• Mandhana scored 37 off 19 balls against Bangladesh.
• Shafali Verma scored her maiden T20I century off 49 balls.
• India scored 195/4 against Bangladesh.
• Bangladesh were bowled out for 81.
• India won by 114 runs and advanced to the gold-medal match against Sri Lanka.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• India’s Asian Games performance reflects the widening base of competitive sport beyond traditional disciplines. Sustained gains require grassroots talent identification, sports science, coaching, competition exposure and long-term athlete support rather than event-specific preparation alone.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

The Central Silk Board marked its 77th Foundation Day in Bengaluru. The Government highlighted the rise in India’s silk production from about 26,000 metric tonnes in 2014 to about 42,000 metric tonnes and set a target of 60,000 metric tonnes by 2030-31.

Background

The Central Silk Board is a statutory organisation under the Ministry of Textiles and supports development of sericulture and the silk industry.

Karnataka currently holds the leading position in India’s total silk production. The Government stated an ambition to make India the world’s number one silk producer by 2028-29.

Technology initiatives include high-yielding silkworm hybrids and the use of AI, GIS and machine learning for quality inspection and production enhancement.

Prelims Facts

• Central Silk Board celebrated its 77th Foundation Day in Bengaluru.
• It functions under the Ministry of Textiles.
• India’s silk production increased from around 26,000 metric tonnes in 2014 to around 42,000 metric tonnes.
• The production target for 2030-31 is 60,000 metric tonnes.
• The Government stated an ambition to make India No. 1 globally in silk production by 2028-29.
• Karnataka leads India in total silk production.
• AI, GIS and machine learning are being integrated for quality inspection and production enhancement.

GS Mapping

GS3: Agriculture; Textiles; Rural Economy

News Item

The 20th Asian Games officially opened at Mizuho Park Athletic Stadium in Japan on 19 September 2026. Emperor Naruhito declared the Games open. India’s parade was led by shooter Manu Bhaker and kabaddi player Pawan Sehrawat as the final flag-bearers.

Background

Tajinderpal Singh Toor had initially been announced as the male flag-bearer, but he was replaced before the ceremony because his ceremonial kit had not arrived in time.

The Games are being hosted in the Aichi-Nagoya region of Japan. Events include established Asian Games disciplines as well as newer additions; teqball is making its Asian Games debut in 2026.

Prelims Facts

• The 20th Asian Games opened on 19 September 2026.
• The opening ceremony was held at Mizuho Park Athletic Stadium in Japan.
• Emperor Naruhito declared the Games open.
• Manu Bhaker was India’s female flag-bearer.
• Pawan Sehrawat was India’s final male flag-bearer.
• Tajinderpal Singh Toor had initially been named male flag-bearer but was replaced before the ceremony.
• The Games are being hosted in the Aichi-Nagoya region.
• Teqball is making its Asian Games debut at the 2026 edition.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

Two-time Olympic medallist Manu Bhaker and two-time Asian Games champion Tajinderpal Singh Toor were named India’s flag-bearers for the opening ceremony of the 2026 Asian Games in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan.

Background

Manu Bhaker won two bronze medals at the Paris 2024 Olympics and became the first Indian woman to win two medals at a single Olympic Games.

Tajinderpal Singh Toor won men’s shot put gold at both the 2018 Jakarta and 2023 Hangzhou Asian Games.

The 20th Asian Games are being hosted in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan. The opening ceremony is scheduled for 19 September 2026.

A subsequent update on 19 September stated that Tajinderpal Singh Toor was replaced by kabaddi player Pawan Sehrawat as the male flag-bearer because Toor’s ceremonial kit had not arrived in time.

Prelims Facts

• The 2026 Asian Games are being hosted in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan.
• The opening ceremony is scheduled for 19 September 2026.
• Manu Bhaker was named India’s female flag-bearer.
• Tajinderpal Singh Toor was initially named India’s male flag-bearer.
• Bhaker won two bronze medals at Paris 2024.
• Toor won Asian Games shot put gold in 2018 and 2023.
• On 19 September, Pawan Sehrawat replaced Toor as the male flag-bearer for the actual opening ceremony.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

The 79th Hyderabad Liberation Day was commemorated on 17 September 2026 at Secunderabad. The observance recalls the integration of the erstwhile princely State of Hyderabad with the Indian Union on 17 September 1948.

Background

At Independence in 1947, Hyderabad was one of the princely States and initially did not accede to India. The Nizam entered into a Standstill Agreement with the Government of India.

In September 1948, Indian forces undertook Operation Polo, also known as the Police Action. The operation led to Hyderabad’s integration into India, with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel playing a decisive political role.

The former Hyderabad State included present-day Telangana, the Marathwada region of Maharashtra and parts of present-day Karnataka.

Prelims Facts

• Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union on 17 September 1948.
• The integration operation was codenamed Operation Polo.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was India’s first Home Minister.
• The former Hyderabad State included Telangana, Marathwada and parts of present-day Karnataka.
• The Nizam had earlier entered into a Standstill Agreement with India.
• The 2026 observance was the 79th Hyderabad Liberation Day.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian History

News Item

Abhishek Sharma struck a 30-ball century against Afghanistan in Delhi on 17 September 2026, the fastest hundred by an Indian in men’s T20 Internationals. India won the third T20I by 127 runs and completed a 3–0 series sweep.

Background

Abhishek scored 108 from 34 balls with nine fours and 11 sixes. His 30-ball hundred surpassed Rohit Sharma’s previous Indian record of 35 balls.

The innings was also the fastest T20I century against a Test-playing nation and the third-fastest men’s T20I century overall.

Prelims Facts

• Abhishek Sharma reached his hundred in 30 balls.
• Rohit Sharma’s earlier Indian record was a 35-ball T20I century.
• Abhishek’s hundred was the third-fastest in men’s T20I history at the time.
• He hit 11 sixes in the innings.
• India scored 221 for 7.
• Afghanistan were dismissed for 94.
• India won by 127 runs and completed a 3–0 series sweep.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

Veteran actor Anant Nag was selected for the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2024 for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema over more than five decades. The award will be presented at the 72nd National Film Awards ceremony in Kevadia, Gujarat, on 22 September 2026.

Background

The Dadasaheb Phalke Award was instituted in 1969 to recognise outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema. Devika Rani was its first recipient.

The award commemorates Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, who directed Raja Harishchandra in 1913, widely regarded as India’s first full-length feature film. The award comprises a Swarna Kamal medallion, a shawl and a cash prize of ₹10 lakh.

Prelims Facts

• Anant Nag was selected for the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2024.
• He has worked in more than 300 films in six Indian-language film industries.
• He received the Padma Bhushan in 2025.
• Devika Rani was the first Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipient in 1969.
• Raja Harishchandra was directed by Dadasaheb Phalke and released in 1913.
• The Dadasaheb Phalke Award includes a Swarna Kamal, shawl and ₹10 lakh cash prize.

Mains Focus & Analysis

• The recognition underlines the importance of regional-language cinema in India’s national cultural landscape. Anant Nag’s career also illustrates the interaction between mainstream cinema, television, theatre-linked performance traditions and public life.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian Art and Culture

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to noted Bengali writer Saratchandra Chattopadhyay on his 150th birth anniversary. He highlighted the writer’s portrayal of rural Bengali society, social reform, women’s rights and nationalism.

Background

Saratchandra Chattopadhyay was one of the most widely read Bengali novelists and short-story writers. His writing is known for sensitive portrayals of social life, especially women, marginalised groups and rural society.

His major works include Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta and Pather Dabi. Pather Dabi was noted for its anti-colonial and revolutionary themes and was proscribed by the colonial government.

Prelims Facts

• Saratchandra Chattopadhyay was a prominent Bengali writer.
• His 150th birth anniversary was observed in 2026.
• Devdas, Parineeta, Srikanta and Pather Dabi are among his major works.
• Pather Dabi was proscribed by the colonial authorities.
• His writings frequently addressed social reform, women’s condition and nationalism.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern Indian Literature and Culture

News Item

India observed Engineers’ Day on 15 September 2026 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, one of India’s most distinguished engineers and nation-builders. The Prime Minister paid tribute to his engineering genius and contribution to nation-building.

Background

Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born on 15 September 1861. He was a renowned civil engineer, administrator and statesman who later served as the Diwan of Mysore.

He was associated with major engineering and development works including the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, flood-protection measures for Hyderabad and efforts to protect Visakhapatnam Port from erosion.

For his contributions to engineering and nation-building, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.

Prelims Facts

• Engineers’ Day in India is observed on 15 September.
• It commemorates the birth anniversary of Sir M. Visvesvaraya.
• Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born in 1861.
• He served as the Diwan of Mysore.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.
• He was associated with the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam.
• He is remembered for major contributions to engineering, irrigation and nation-building.

GS Mapping

GS1: Modern India; Important Personalities

News Item

Indian archer Dhiraj Bommadevara became the first Indian male recurve archer to win gold at the Archery World Cup Final. He defeated Japan’s Nakanishi Junya in a shoot-off at Saltillo, Mexico.

Background

Recurve archery is the Olympic form of target archery. The World Cup Final brings together leading performers from the international World Cup circuit.

Bommadevara won the final 6-5 after the match reached a 5-5 tie. He prevailed 10-9 in the deciding shoot-off and ended a 16-year wait for an Indian male recurve archer to win a medal at the event.

Prelims Facts

• Dhiraj Bommadevara won gold at the Archery World Cup Final.
• He became the first Indian male recurve archer to achieve this feat.
• The event was held in Saltillo, Mexico.
• He defeated Nakanishi Junya of Japan.
• Recurve archery is an Olympic archery discipline.

GS Mapping

GS2: Sports

News Item

Germany’s Alexander Zverev won the US Open 2026 men’s singles title on 13 September by defeating American Ben Shelton 6-3, 7-6, 5-7, 6-2. Kazakhstan’s Elena Rybakina had won the women’s singles title a day earlier by defeating Aryna Sabalenka 6-4, 5-7, 6-2.

Background

The US Open is one of tennis’s four Grand Slam tournaments, along with the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. It is played in New York at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.

Zverev’s victory gave him his second Grand Slam singles title after the 2026 French Open. Rybakina’s victory was her first US Open title and her third Grand Slam singles title overall. She also secured the world No. 1 ranking during the tournament.

Prelims Facts

• Alexander Zverev won the US Open 2026 men’s singles title.
• He defeated Ben Shelton in the final.
• Elena Rybakina won the US Open 2026 women’s singles title.
• She defeated Aryna Sabalenka in the final.
• Zverev’s US Open title was his second Grand Slam singles title.
• Rybakina’s US Open title was her first in New York and third Grand Slam singles title overall.

GS Mapping

Prelims: Sports

News Item

India observed National Forest Martyrs Day on 11 September to honour forest guards, officials and community members who lost their lives while protecting forests, wildlife and biodiversity.

Background

The date is linked to the Khejarli sacrifice of 1730 in present-day Rajasthan. More than 360 members of the Bishnoi community, led by Amrita Devi, were killed while resisting the felling of trees.

The episode is one of India's best-known historical examples of community-based environmental conservation.

Prelims Facts

• National Forest Martyrs Day is observed on 11 September.
• It commemorates sacrifices made in the protection of forests and biodiversity.
• The date is associated with the Khejarli incident of 1730.
• Khejarli is in Rajasthan.
• Amrita Devi and the Bishnoi community are associated with the historic tree-protection sacrifice.
• More than 360 people were killed while resisting tree felling.

GS Mapping

GS3: Environment and Biodiversity

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently met with Prince Rahim Aga Khan V, the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community, in New Delhi. They discussed expanding India's collaboration with the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) across crucial sectors like healthcare, agriculture, rural development, and women's empowerment.

Background

The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a prominent global network of private, non-denominational development agencies originally founded by the late Aga Khan IV. It operates in over 30 countries, focusing on improving the quality of life in developing regions, irrespective of faith, origin, or gender. In India, AKDN has a long-standing history of contributing to rural socio-economic progress, education, and heritage conservation. This meeting highlights India's strategic intent to leverage international philanthropic partnerships to accelerate grassroots development.

Prelims Facts

• Personality in News: Prince Rahim Aga Khan V (the 50th Imam of the Ismaili community).
• Organisation involved: Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN).
• Key sectors discussed: Healthcare, agriculture, rural development, youth empowerment, and women's empowerment.
• Notable AKDN Projects in India: Restoration of Humayun’s Tomb, Qutb Shahi Heritage Park in Hyderabad, and widespread rural support initiatives.

GS Mapping

GS2: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests; Important International institutions, agencies and fora.

News Item

Justice Alpesh Yeshwant Kogje recently took the oath of office as the 30th Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court at a ceremony held in Bhopal. The oath was administered to him by the Governor of Madhya Pradesh, Mangubhai Patel.

Background

The appointment of High Court judges is a crucial aspect of the Indian judicial system. While the appointment notification is officially issued by the President of India under Article 217 of the Constitution (after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the state Governor), the formal oath of office is administered by the Governor of the respective state under Article 219. The Madhya Pradesh High Court was established in 1956 and has its principal seat in Jabalpur.

Prelims Facts

• Appointing Authority: President of India.
• Administers Oath: Governor of the concerned state.
• Relevant Articles: Article 217 (Appointment) and Article 219 (Oath).
• Principal Seat of MP High Court: Jabalpur (with benches in Indore and Gwalior).

GS Mapping

GS2: Structure, organization and functioning of the Judiciary.

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to legendary musician and cultural icon Dr. Bhupen Hazarika on his 100th birth anniversary. The PM highlighted how his soulful music gracefully bridged the culture of Assam and the Northeast with the rest of India.

Background

Born in 1926 in Sadiya, Assam, Dr. Bhupen Hazarika was a multifaceted genius—a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet, and filmmaker. His songs, often written in Assamese, translated the folk music of the region into a pan-Indian consciousness. He played a pivotal role in bringing the rich heritage of the Northeast to mainstream Hindi cinema. In recognition of his unparalleled cultural legacy, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 2019.

Prelims Facts

• Epithet: Widely known as 'Sudhakantha'.
• Cultural Bridge: Instrumental in popularizing Northeast India's folk culture and introducing it to mainstream Indian cinema.
• Highest Honour: Conferred with the Bharat Ratna in 2019 alongside Pranab Mukherjee and Nanaji Deshmukh.
• Infrastructure named after him: The 9.15 km long Dhola-Sadiya bridge on the Lohit River (a major tributary of the Brahmaputra) in Assam is officially named the Bhupen Hazarika Setu.

GS Mapping

GS1: Indian Culture

News Item

Justice Maheshchandra Tripathi, currently serving as a judge at the Allahabad High Court, has been appointed as the new Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. His appointment was recently approved by the President of India, making him the 50th Chief Justice to lead this prestigious institution.

Background

The Bombay High Court is one of the oldest high courts in India, established under the High Courts Act of 1861. It possesses a vast territorial jurisdiction covering the states of Maharashtra and Goa, along with the Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. The appointment of the Chief Justice of a High Court is fundamentally governed by Article 217 of the Indian Constitution. According to this constitutional provision, the Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India after a mandatory consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the Governor of the respective state. Furthermore, the transfer of a sitting judge from one High Court to another is executed under Article 222 of the Constitution.

Prelims Facts

• The Bombay High Court was inaugurated on August 14, 1862, alongside the High Courts of Calcutta and Madras.
• The retirement age for a High Court Judge is 62 years, while a Supreme Court Judge retires at 65 years.
• The President of India appoints and transfers the judges of the High Courts, acting on the binding recommendations of the Supreme Court Collegium.
• Although appointed by the President, the oath of office to a High Court Judge is administered by the Governor of the State.

GS Mapping

GS2: Polity and Governance | GS2: Judiciary

News Item

President Droupadi Murmu has appointed former Uttar Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister Dr. Dinesh Sharma as the new Lieutenant Governor (LG) of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. He succeeds Admiral D K Joshi (Retd.), who had been serving in the prestigious constitutional post since October 2017.

Background

Union Territories (UTs) in India do not have their own independent governments like states; instead, they are directly administered by the President of India. According to Article 239 of the Indian Constitution, this administration is carried out through an administrator appointed by the President. Depending on the UT, this administrator is designated as a Lieutenant Governor (LG), Chief Commissioner, or simply an Administrator. An LG acts as an agent of the President and enjoys more executive powers compared to a State Governor, who is a titular head acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, strategically located in the Bay of Bengal and guarding India's eastern maritime frontiers, have been a Union Territory since 1956 and are headed by an LG.

Prelims Facts

• Under Article 239, the President appoints administrators for Union Territories, who can be designated as Lieutenant Governors.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were constituted as a Union Territory in 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act.
• The Ten Degree Channel geographically separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands.
• Barren Island, situated in the Andaman Sea, is the only confirmed active volcano in the Indian subcontinent.
• The Saddle Peak National Park is located in the North Andaman Island.

GS Mapping

GS2: Polity and Governance | GS1: Geography

News Item

Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually addressed the historic inauguration of the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple in Paris, France. Highlighting the deep cultural and spiritual ties between the two nations, he described the grand temple as a symbol of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (the world is one family) and a beautiful fusion of ancient Indian craftsmanship and modern French engineering.

Background

The construction of traditional Hindu temples globally has become a significant tool of India's cultural diplomacy (soft power). The Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS) has built prominent stone temples in places like Abu Dhabi (UAE) and Robbinsville (USA), utilizing traditional Indian architectural sciences (Vastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastra). India and France share a deeply rooted cultural history. In the early 20th century, prominent French scholars played a massive role in translating Sanskrit texts. Furthermore, 2026 is being celebrated as the 'India-France Year of Innovation', building upon their Special Global Strategic Partnership that spans space, defence, and climate action.

Prelims Facts

• 2026 is officially being celebrated as the 'India-France Year of Innovation'.
• The first traditional Hindu stone temple in the Middle East, the BAPS Hindu Mandir, was inaugurated in Abu Dhabi (UAE) in early 2024.
• French author Romain Rolland won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915 and actively popularized Indian philosophy in Europe.
• The Auroville township, an international experiment in human unity, was founded by the French-born spiritual leader Mirra Alfassa ('The Mother').

GS Mapping

GS1: Art and Culture | GS2: International Relations

News Item

India's star badminton duo, Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty, have scripted history by winning their first-ever men's doubles title at the China Masters in Shenzhen. In a thrilling summit clash, they defeated the Chinese pair of He Ji Ting and Ren Xiang Yu, marking their second major title of the season.

Background

The China Masters is an esteemed annual badminton tournament held in China and is categorized as a BWF World Tour Super 750 event. Satwik and Chirag, affectionately known as 'Sat-Chi', have been the vanguard of Indian badminton on the global stage. Their latest victory in China adds another massive milestone to their illustrious career, especially after narrowly finishing as runners-up in the 2023 and 2025 editions of the same tournament. Earlier this season, the resilient duo also secured the Singapore Open Super 750 title, continuing their dominant run in international badminton.

Prelims Facts

• The Indian pair won the China Masters men's doubles title by defeating the Chinese duo He Ji Ting and Ren Xiang Yu.
• This victory marks India’s first-ever title at the prestigious China Masters badminton tournament.
• The China Masters operates as a BWF World Tour Super 750 grade tournament.
• Earlier in the season, Satwik and Chirag also claimed the Singapore Open Super 750 title.

GS Mapping

Prelims: Sports and Awards

News Item

On the historic 100th anniversary of Shri Ram College of Commerce (SRCC), Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the youth, highlighting India's economic resilience. Despite global wars and trade disruptions, India has achieved a stellar 7.8% economic growth rate. He urged the new generation to look beyond managing foreign multinational companies and instead focus on building India's own global giants in consulting, accounting, and finance.

Background

Established in 1926 by the visionary industrialist Lala Shri Ram, SRCC is India's premier institution for commerce and economics. During the centenary event, the PM contrasted the past era of "policy paralysis" with today's dynamic governance, emphasizing the success of the "Pro-People Good Governance" (P2G2) model. A classic example of this is the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY). Before 2014, over half of India's population was completely cut off from formal banking. Today, PMJDY has brought around 60 crore citizens into the banking net, laying the ultimate foundation for India's massive UPI and fintech revolution. Similarly, the Make in India initiative has aggressively transformed India from a dependent importer to a rising export hub, dramatically boosting smartphone and defence manufacturing.

Prelims Facts

• The Shri Ram College of Commerce (SRCC) recently completed 100 years, established initially in 1926 as a commercial school in Daryaganj, Delhi.
• Despite global headwinds, the Indian economy achieved a strong 7.8% growth rate in the April-June quarter of 2026.
• Driven by Make in India, India's defence exports skyrocketed from approximately ₹600 crore in 2013-14 to a record high of ₹40,000 crore.
• Indian Railways has achieved nearly 100% electrification of its broad-gauge network, a massive leap from less than 30% prior to 2014.

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GS3: Economy | GS2: Governance

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On the occasion of National Teachers' Day (September 5, 2026), President Droupadi Murmu conferred the prestigious National Awards to Teachers in New Delhi, honoring exceptional educators from across the country. Highlighting that education is the strongest tool to achieve the Constitutional ideal of 'equality of opportunity', she urged teachers to foster moral values, skill development, and confidence among students to build a developed India.

Background

The National Teachers' Day is celebrated annually on September 5 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, India's first Vice-President and second President. To recognize the phenomenal contribution of educators, the Ministry of Education instituted the National Awards to Teachers in 1958. These awards celebrate teachers who have not only improved the quality of school education but also deeply enriched the lives of their students, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. The President proudly noted that the dropout rate in primary schools has become negligible due to the dedicated efforts of such teachers. Emphasizing the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, she stated that quality education and foundational skill development are essential to transforming India into a global knowledge superpower.

Prelims Facts

• World Teachers' Day is celebrated globally on October 5 under the leadership of UNESCO, exactly one month after India's National Teachers' Day.
• The Constitution of India guarantees the Right to Education as a Fundamental Right under Article 21A, which was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
• Article 45 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) directs the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 replaced the 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, aiming to achieve a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030.

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GS2: Social Issues | GS2: Education

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In Chennai, Vice President Shri C.P. Radhakrishnan released a commemorative postage stamp to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the prominent Tamil daily newspaper, Dinamalar. He praised the publication for its fearless journalism and for upholding the core values of truth and patriotism since its inception.

Background

The Indian press has historically played a massive role in shaping public opinion, especially vernacular (regional language) newspapers which connect directly with the grassroots. Dinamalar was founded in 1951 with a resolve to be a touchstone of truth. Over the decades, it has become one of the most widely read Tamil dailies, reflecting the power of regional media in post-independence India. To honour institutions, events, or personalities that have made a significant national impact, the Department of Posts (under the Ministry of Communications) issues commemorative stamps. This act not only celebrates their legacy but also officially records their contribution to the nation's history.

Prelims Facts

• Dinamalar, a prominent Tamil daily newspaper, was founded in 1951 by T.V. Ramasubba Iyer.
• The newspaper publishes a special student-focused edition called 'Pattam', which aims to improve general awareness and scientific innovation among school children.
• Commemorative postage stamps in India are issued exclusively by the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications.
• Freedom of the press in India is not explicitly mentioned but is implicitly protected under the Freedom of Speech and Expression guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

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GS2: Polity and Governance | GS1: Modern Indian History

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated his Italian counterpart, Giorgia Meloni, for setting a historic record as Italy's longest continuously serving Prime Minister since World War II. The milestone highlights her strong domestic leadership and the deepening India-Italy Special Strategic Partnership.

Background

Italy has historically seen highly unstable governments, with dozens of Prime Ministers taking office and resigning since the end of World War II in 1945. Giorgia Meloni assumed office in October 2022, bringing unusual political stability to the European nation. On the diplomatic front, India and Italy share strong historical ties, which were officially upgraded to a Special Strategic Partnership in March 2023. This partnership focuses on enhancing cooperation in defence, green energy, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies.

Prelims Facts

• Record Set: Longest continuously serving post-war Prime Minister of Italy.
• Personality in News: Giorgia Meloni (First female PM of Italy).
• India-Italy Diplomatic Milestone: Upgraded to a "Special Strategic Partnership" in March 2023.
• Geographical Note: Italy is a Southern European country bordering the Mediterranean Sea; its capital is Rome.

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GS2: International Relations, Bilateral Agreements involving India.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed deep sorrow over the passing of veteran Gujarati music composer Shri Gaurang Vyas. He was a celebrated figure in the regional music industry who masterfully carried forward the rich musical legacy of his father, Avinash Vyas.

Background

Gaurang Vyas played a monumental role in popularising Sugam Sangeet (light vocal music) and traditional folk tunes across Gujarat. Regional music in India is a powerful tool for preserving local dialects, ancient folklore, and cultural identity. By blending classical roots with modern appeal, composers like Vyas ensured that the vibrant heritage of Gujarati cinema and non-film music continued to thrive and reach younger generations.

Prelims Facts

• Sugam Sangeet translates to 'light music' and is a popular form of vocal music in India that focuses on poetry and melody rather than strict classical grammar.
• The state of Gujarat has a rich tradition of folk music, including globally recognised dance-music forms like Garba and Dandiya Raas.
• Garba of Gujarat was recently inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

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GS1: Art and Culture

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United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres will participate in the upcoming 18th BRICS Summit, which is being hosted by India. The summit is scheduled for September 12-13 at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi and will witness the gathering of member nations, partner countries, and special outreach invitees.

Background

The participation of the UN Secretary-General in the BRICS summit underscores the growing diplomatic and economic significance of the Global South. BRICS originally started as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) in 2006, a term coined earlier by economist Jim O'Neill. It became BRICS with the addition of South Africa in 2010. The group represents the world's leading emerging economies and seeks to establish a multipolar world order, independent of Western financial hegemony. Over the years, BRICS has established powerful alternative institutions like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). The group recently expanded in 2024, inducting countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, marking a new era of multilateralism.

Prelims Facts

• India is hosting the 18th BRICS Summit on September 12-13, 2026, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• The overarching theme for India’s 2026 BRICS chairship is 'Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'.
• This marks India's fourth time assuming the BRICS chairship, having previously held the position in 2012, 2016, and 2021.
• India officially assumed the current chairship on January 1, 2026.

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GS2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

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Retired Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra has been appointed as the first Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust. He will be responsible for overseeing the administrative operations and management of the Ram Temple complex in Ayodhya.

Background

The Trust created the CEO post and formed a three-member search committee in July 2026 to improve transparency and administration following allegations of donation mismanagement. Originally, the Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust was constituted by the Government of India in February 2020 to oversee the construction and administration of the Ram Mandir, functioning under the chairmanship of Mahant Nritya Gopal Das.

Prelims Facts

• The appointment was announced after a Trust meeting chaired by President Mahant Nritya Gopal Das at Maniram Das Chhawani.
• The three-member CEO search committee was led by retired Justice Pramod Kohli and included retired Lt Gen Vishnukant Chaturvedi and Suresh Haware.
• The Trust also appointed three new members: Madan Mohan Pandey (senior advocate), Mahesh Bhagchandka, and Dr. Nirmala Yadav.
• Over 5,500 applications were received for the newly created CEO post.

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GS2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-judicial Bodies

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In a historic milestone, Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma has become the first woman (non-medical) officer in the Indian Armed Forces to achieve a two-star rank. She officially assumed the role of Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Education) at Air Headquarters on September 1, 2026.

Background

The Indian Air Force (IAF), established in 1932, began inducting women into non-medical branches in the early 1990s. Until recently, the prestigious two-star rank (equivalent to Major General in the Army or Rear Admiral in the Navy) for women was limited exclusively to the Armed Forces Medical Services. This promotion signifies a monumental leap in gender parity and equal career progression for women officers in administrative and combative roles within the Indian military.

Prelims Facts

• The rank of Air Vice Marshal is a two-star air officer rank in the Indian Air Force.
• Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma joined the IAF Education Branch in 1994.
• The motto of the Indian Air Force is "Touch the sky with glory" (*Nabhah Sparsham Deeptam*), derived from the Bhagavad Gita.

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GS3: Defence & Security | GS1: Role of Women

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At the 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi articulated India's three-pillar vision for the region: Security, Connectivity, and Opportunity. Marking the 25th anniversary of the SCO, the Prime Minister strongly condemned cross-border terrorism, stressed that connectivity projects must respect territorial integrity, and announced that India will host the first-ever session of the SCO Civilizational Dialogue Forum.

Background

The SCO is a major Eurasian alliance founded to ensure regional security and foster economic cooperation. As the world faces geopolitical fragmentation and supply chain disruptions, platforms like the SCO are crucial for addressing the concerns of the "Global South". India has consistently used this forum to push for a comprehensive approach against terrorism and drug trafficking. The year 2026 marks exactly 25 years since the official declaration of the SCO in 2001, which evolved from the 1996 "Shanghai Five" framework (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan).

Prelims Facts

• The Indian vision for the SCO rests on three pillars: Security, Connectivity, and Opportunity.
• India launched initiatives within the SCO such as the Start-up Forum, Young Authors’ Conclave, and Young Scientists’ Forum to promote people-to-people connectivity.
• The SCO Civilizational Dialogue Forum was proposed by India last year, and its inaugural session is being hosted in India in 2026.
• The 26th SCO Summit coincides with the hosting of the 6th World Nomad Games in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

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GS2: International Relations | GS2: Regional Groupings

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid floral tributes to Mahatma Gandhi at the Memorial Park in Bishkek on the first day of his Kyrgyzstan visit. During the trip, he interacted with the 'Friends of India' cultural groups, held key bilateral meetings, and addressed the 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit.

Background

India shares deep historical and civilisational ties with Central Asia, which it actively promotes through its 'Connect Central Asia' policy. Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked and highly mountainous country in Central Asia, known for its strategic location. Engaging with Central Asian nations is vital for India's energy security, trade routes (like the INSTC), and counter-terrorism efforts. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) serves as a primary Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance to foster regional stability.

Prelims Facts

• The 26th SCO Summit was hosted in Bishkek, the capital city of Kyrgyzstan.
• PM Modi's interaction with delegations like the Yoga and Manas Academy in Bishkek highlights India's expanding "Soft Power" and cultural diplomacy in Central Asia.
• The presence of the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Park in Bishkek underscores the global reverence for India's message of peace and non-violence.

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GS2: International Relations

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Legendary Argentine footballer Lionel Messi has officially announced his retirement from international football, drawing the curtains on a glorious 20-year career with Argentina. The 39-year-old icon represented his national team in a record 207 appearances, leading them to historic triumphs including the 2022 FIFA World Cup and two Copa América titles.

Background

Football (soccer) is governed globally by FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), founded in 1904 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. The FIFA World Cup, held every four years, is the most prestigious sporting tournament in the world. South American international football is organized under CONMEBOL, which administers the historic Copa América tournament (first held in 1916, making it the oldest still-running continental football competition). Messi's international journey symbolizes resilience, overcoming multiple heartbreaks in major finals before securing the elusive World Cup trophy for Argentina after a 36-year wait since Diego Maradona's 1986 triumph.

Prelims Facts

• Messi captained Argentina to victory in the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, where he was also awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.
• He won two Copa América titles with Argentina in 2021 (held in Brazil) and 2024 (held in the United States).
• He is the only player in football history to win the FIFA World Cup Golden Ball twice (in 2014 and 2022).
• At the club level, he spent the vast majority of his career with FC Barcelona, winning 10 La Liga titles and 4 UEFA Champions League trophies.

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State PSC: Sports | Current Affairs

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In his 'Mann Ki Baat' address, PM Modi paid tribute to the legendary Bengali actor Uttam Kumar ahead of his birth centenary on September 3. He highlighted Uttam Kumar's versatile acting, emotional depth, and his spirit of never giving up despite early career struggles, noting that iconic filmmaker Satyajit Ray wrote the film 'Nayak' specifically keeping him in mind.

Background

Uttam Kumar (1926-1980), often referred to as the 'Mahanayak' (Great Hero) of Bengali cinema, was a cultural icon whose influence extended far beyond acting. He was known for his naturalistic acting style and philanthropic efforts. His collaboration with the legendary director Satyajit Ray, particularly in the film 'Nayak' (The Hero, 1966), is considered a landmark in Indian cinema history.

Prelims Facts

• Uttam Kumar, known as 'Mahanayak', was a legendary figure in Bengali cinema whose birth centenary is celebrated in 2026.
• Renowned filmmaker Satyajit Ray wrote and directed the classic film 'Nayak' (1966) specifically with Uttam Kumar in mind.

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GS1: Art & Culture

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Mizo winger Lallianzuala Chhangte has been crowned the Indian Footballer of the Year for 2026. The prestigious award, organised by the Football Players Association of India (FPAI), was presented to him by legendary footballer Bhaichung Bhutia, celebrating his outstanding consistency and impact on Indian football.

Background

The Indian Footballer of the Year award organised by the FPAI is highly respected because it is decided purely through votes cast by fellow professional players. Established in 2006, the FPAI is the official representative body for professional footballers in India and is affiliated with FIFPRO, the worldwide players' union. Chhangte's consecutive success highlights Mizoram's robust grassroots football ecosystem, which has consistently produced top-tier talent for the national team and the Indian Super League (ISL).

Prelims Facts

• Lallianzuala Chhangte was awarded the Indian Footballer of the Year 2026.
• The award is organised by the Football Players Association of India (FPAI) and is uniquely decided through voting by fellow professional players.
• The FPAI, founded in 2006, is affiliated with the global players' union FIFPRO.
• Chhangte recently transferred to the prominent Kolkata-based club Mohun Bagan.

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Prelims: Sports

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Indian squash star Abhay Singh clinched the men’s singles title at the Tuanku Muhriz Trophy 2026 held in Seremban, Malaysia. He defeated Henry Leung of Hong Kong 3-2 to secure his 13th PSA Tour title and his third victory at this specific tournament.

Background

The Tuanku Muhriz Trophy is a highly competitive event on the Professional Squash Association (PSA) Challenger Tour, which serves as a global platform for emerging and professional squash players to earn ranking points. Abhay Singh, currently India’s highest-ranked men’s squash player, has consistently excelled on this tour. Squash as a sport is gaining massive global momentum and official recognition, most notably because it has been approved to make its long-awaited Olympic debut at the Los Angeles 2028 Games. This inclusion marks a historic milestone for the sport, elevating its significance and funding on the international stage.

Prelims Facts

• Indian squash player Abhay Singh won the men’s singles title at the Tuanku Muhriz Trophy 2026 held in Malaysia.
• This victory marks his third Tuanku Muhriz Trophy title, having previously won the tournament in 2022 and 2024.
• At the 2023 Hangzhou Asian Games, Abhay Singh won a gold medal in the men’s team event and a bronze in mixed doubles.
• Squash is officially scheduled to make its debut as an Olympic sport at the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games.

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Prelims: Sports

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended his best wishes to all sports enthusiasts on the occasion of National Sports Day. He paid heartfelt tributes to the legendary hockey player Major Dhyan Chand, whose birth anniversary is celebrated on this day, praising the dedication and passion of athletes who bring glory to the nation.

Background

National Sports Day (Rashtriya Khel Divas) is celebrated every year on August 29 in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand, widely known as the "Wizard of Hockey." Born in Prayagraj (then Allahabad) in 1905, he was instrumental in establishing India's absolute dominance in field hockey on the global stage. The Government of India officially declared this day as National Sports Day in 2012 to spread awareness about physical activity, sports, and overall health. Traditionally, this is the day when the President of India confers the prestigious National Sports Awards—including the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, and Dronacharya Award—at the Rashtrapati Bhavan to honor exceptional sporting talents and coaches.

Prelims Facts

• National Sports Day is observed annually on August 29 in India.
• The day was first officially celebrated by the Government of India in the year 2012.
• It marks the birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand, who won three Olympic gold medals for India (1928, 1932, 1936).
• The highest sporting honour in India is named the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award.

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GS1: Current events of national and international importance (Sports)